P. Aversa

Alcohol detection using carbon nanotubes acoustic and optical sensors

We demonstrate the integration of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) onto quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and standard silica optical fiber (SOF) sensor for alcohol detection at room temperature. Different transducing mechanisms have been used in order to outline the sensing properties of this class of nanomaterials, in particular the attention has been focused on two key parameters in sensing applications: mass and refractive index changes due to gas absorption. Here, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films consisting of tangled bundles of SWCNTs without surfactant molecules have been successfully transferred onto QCM and SOF. Mass-sensitive 10MHz QCM SWCNTs sensor exhibited a resonant frequency decreasing upon tested alcohols exposure; also the normalized optoelectronic signal (λ=1310nm) of the refractive index-sensitive SOF SWCNTs sensor was found to decrease upon alcohols ambient. Highly sensitive, repeatable and reversible responses of the QCM and SOF SWCNTs sensors indicate that the detection, at room t...

Carbon nanotube acoustic and optical sensors for volatile organic compound detection

Carbon nanotube coated acoustic and optical sensors have been successfully studied for volatile organic compound (VOC) sensing applications, at room temperature. Here, Langmuir?Blodgett (LB) films consisting of tangled bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been transferred onto different transducing sensors by using a linker?buffer LB multilayered material of cadmium arachidate pre-deposited on the sensor surface to promote adhesion of SWCNTs. Two different kinds of sensors have been designed, fabricated and utilized: quartz crystal microbalance 10?MHz AT-cut quartz resonators and standard silica optical fibre sensors based on light reflectometry at a wavelength of 1310?nm. The proposed detection techniques are focused on two key parameters in gas sensing applications: mass and refractive index, and their changes induced by gas molecule absorption. The results indicate high sensitivity, good repeatability and reversibility. Signals from each sensor type have been analysed and processed by using pattern recognition techniques such as principal component analysis and use of artificial neural networks. The recognition of the hybrid system is successfully performed, improving the data fusion from acoustic and optical sensors with SWCNT-functionalized sensors that are highly discriminating. To our knowledge, this is the first reported study of combined hybrid integration of acoustic sensors with optical fibre sensors using nanostructured materials as single-walled carbon nanotubes for VOC detection, at room temperature.

The effect of purification of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles on the alcohol sensitivity of nanocomposite Langmuir?Blodgett films for SAW sensing applications

HiPco (high-pressure CO dissociation process) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundles containing Fe particles were purified in a two-step purification process by thermal annealing in oxygen and post-treatment in HCl. Nanocomposite films of pristine and purified SWCNTs embedded in an organic matrix of cadmium arachidate (CdA) were prepared by a Langmuir?Blodgett (LB) molecular engineering technique with a fixed weight filler content of 75?wt% onto a surface acoustic wave (SAW) transducer operating as an oscillator at a frequency of 433?MHz. The raw and purified samples were characterized at various stages of the purification process using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), along with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Functional characterizations of the SWCNT?nanocomposite-based SAW sensors were investigated towards methanol, isopropanol and ethanol, and demonstrated high sensitivity, reversibility, fast response and ppm level detection at room temperature. Results indicate that the sensitivity of the SAW sensors based on a nanocomposite film of oxygen-annealed SWCNTs is enhanced to the alcohols tested at room temperature. Purification of the SWCNTs in the nanocomposite film affects the SAW sensitivity to alcohol by modulating the sensing properties. The sensing mechanisms are analysed and discussed.

Thin-Film Bulk-Acoustic-Resonator Gas Sensor Functionalized With a Nanocomposite Langmuir–Blodgett Layer of Carbon Nanotubes

A thin-film bulk acoustic resonator (TFBAR) based on a vibrating membrane of AlN/Si3N4 has been fabricated onto a silicon substrate and functionally characterized as gas sensor at a resonating frequency of 1.045 GHz. This novel TFBAR-based gas sensor has been functionalized by a sensing nanocomposite layer, prepared by a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) embedded in a host matrix of organic material of cadmium arachidate. High-performance gas detection at room temperature of a SWCNT-coated TFBAR sensor has been reported. The sensing device exhibits high sensitivity (e.g., acetone: 12 kHz/ppm; ethylacetate: 17.3 kHz/ppm), fast response (within 2-3 min), slow reversibility (within 1 h), and good repeatability (les 5% variation) of response toward tested organic vapors of acetone, ethylacetate, and toluene.

Acoustic and Optical VOCs Sensors Incorporating Carbon Nanotubes

The authors investigate the sensing properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) films, which are used as nanostructured materials for chemical sensors onto three types of transducers using different principles of operation as surface acoustic waves (SAWs), quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM), and a standard silica optical fiber (SOF) for detection of volatile organic compounds at a room temperature. The sensing probes have been configured as 315- and 433-MHz SAW two-port resonator-based oscillator, 10-MHz QCM resonator, and SOF light-reflectometry-based system at a wavelength of 1310 nm. A nanocomposite film of SWCNTs embedded in a cadmium-arachidate matrix was deposited by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique onto the SAW sensors. An LB multilayer of SWCNTs-onto-CdA buffer material was also deposited onto the QCM and SOF sensors. The experiments demonstrate that carbon-nanotubes acoustic and optical sensors are highly sensitive to a wide range of polar and nonpolar organic solvents up to a sub-ppm detection limit at a room temperature

Chemical Detection in Water by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Based Optical Fiber Sensors

In this letter, the possibility to use single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as sensitive nanostructured material for the development of an optoelectronic sensor that can perform chemical detection in water has been investigated and demonstrated for the first time. The fabricated sensor has been employed in a reflectometric system involving single wavelength reflectance measurements. The good stability of the steady-state signal, the high sensitivity, as well as the good response dynamics obtained in the case of toluene detection confirm the potentiality of SWCNTs to be employed in a water environment.

Carbon Nanotubes Coated Acoustic and Optical VOCs Sensors: Towards the Tailoring of the Sensing Performances

This work is focused on the room temperature sensitivities and response times analysis against aromatic volatile organic compounds of both silica optical fiber and quartz crystal microbalance sensors, coated by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers as highly sensitive nanomaterials. The fabricated samples have been characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, silica optical fiber, and quartz crystal microbalance transducers have been simultaneously exposed at room temperature to toluene and xylene individual vapors in the ppm range. For each transducer type, a time division multiplexing approach has been exploited, enabling the simultaneous interrogation of up to 8 optical and 6 acoustic probes, respectively. The results obtained indicate that both optical and acoustic sensors provide very high reproducibility and sensitivity either towards toluene or xylene, with a resolution of few hundreds of ppb. Furthermore, sensitivities and response times turned out to be dependent on the particular analytes used for the vapors testing. Both transducer types demonstrate a similar response time, while with regard the recovery time, the optical detection seems to be significantly faster than the electrical counterpart. The effect of the SWCNTs monolayers number on sensors sensitivity and response time has also been investigated, demonstrating the possibility to enhance the performances of the proposed transducers by tailoring the geometric properties of the sensitive nanomaterial.

Optical probes based on optical fibers and single-walled carbon nanotubes for hydrogen detection at cryogenic temperatures

In this letter, preliminary results on the feasibility to use optical fiber sensors coated by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-based sensitive materials for hydrogen detection at cryogenic temperatures are presented. The optical probes have been realized by the Langmuir-Blodgett deposition of close-end and open-end SWCNTs on the distal end of standard optical fibers. The results obtained from hydrogen detection testing, carried out at a temperature as low as 113K, demonstrate the excellent potentiality of the proposed configuration to sense very low percentages of gaseous hydrogen (<5%), with good recovery and reversibility features as well as fast response times.

Fiber Optic Chemical Nanosensors Based on Engineered Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

In this contribution, a review of the development of high-performance optochemical nanosensors based on the integration of carbon nanotubes with the optical fiber technology is presented. The paper first provide an overview of the amazing features of carbon nanotubes and their exploitation as highly adsorbent nanoscale materials for gas sensing applications. Successively, the attention is focused on the operating principle, fabrication, and characterization of fiber optic chemosensors in the Fabry-Perot type reflectometric configuration, realized by means of the deposition of a thin layer of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) upon the distal end of standard silica optical fibers. This is followed by an extensive review of the excellent sensing capabilities of the realized SWCNTs-based chemical nanosensors against volatile organic compounds and other pollutants in different environments (air and water) and operating conditions (room temperature and cryogenic temperatures). The experimental results reported here reveal that ppm and sub-ppm chemical detection limits, low response times, as well as fast and complete recovery of the sensor responses have been obtained in most of the investigated cases. This evidences the great potentialities of the proposed photonic nanosensors based on SWCNTs to be successfully employed for practical environmental monitoring applications both in liquid and vapor phase as well as for space. Furthermore, the use of novel SWCNTs-based composites as sensitive fiber coatings is proposed to enhance the sensing performance and to improve the adhesion of carbon nanotubes to the fiber surface. Finally, new advanced sensing configurations based on the use of hollow-core optical fibers coated and partially filled by carbon nanotubes are also presented.

Novel Optochemical Sensors Based on Hollow Fibers and Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes

In this letter, the feasibility of using hollow-core optical fibers (HOFs) integrated with carbon nanotubes for volatile organic compound (VOC) detection applications has been investigated. The Langmuir-Blodgett technique has been used in order to transfer single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) onto HOFs. Reflectance characterization of the obtained sensing probes has been carried out in the range 1520-1620 nm. Finally, the sensing capability of the HOF sensors has been investigated by exposure in a test chamber to traces of tetrahydrofuran. The preliminary results obtained demonstrate the capability of the novel HOF sensor to perform chemical detection of VOCs showing a good sensitivity and fast response times