Pankaj K. Das

Rapid Acquisition for Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum Communications Using Parallel SAW Convolvers

In this paper, a technique is described which uses multiple surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices in parallel to reduce the acquisition time of a direct sequence spread-spectrum communication system. Analysis of system performance in both the search and lock modes is presented, and key quantities such as probability of false alarm, probability of correct detection, mean dwell time, and mean time to lose lock are derived.

Perceptual Temporal Quality Metric for Compressed Video

This paper presents a metric to quantify frame loss according to the impact on perceived temporal quality. This metric particularly aims at measuring the temporal quality degradation caused by both regular and irregular frame loss. Experimental results with subjective viewing demonstrate high performance on prediction of perceptual temporal quality.

Narrow-band interference excision in spread spectrum systems using lapped transforms

In order to mitigate narrow-band interference in spread spectrum communications systems, novel communications receivers incorporating transform domain filtering techniques are designed. In this paper, lapped transforms are used to transform the received data signal to the transform domain wherein adaptive excision is performed. Transform domain detection algorithms, which yield bit decisions based on the remaining signal energy, are analyzed and, together with excision, are employed on a block-by-block basis to suppress single-tone and narrow-band Gaussian interference. System performance is analytically quantified in terms of the overall system bit-error rate (BER). Subsequent results are presented for a variety of channel conditions and compared to those obtained using excision algorithms based on orthonormal block transforms (Medley 1995). These results demonstrate the improved performance and increased robustness with respect to jammer frequency and bandwidth of lapped transform domain excision techniques relative to similar algorithms based on nonweighted block transforms.

An Adaptive Digital Suppression Filter for Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Communications

This paper describes the structure of a digital implementation of the Widrow-Hoff LMS algorithm which uses a burst processing technique to obtain some hardware simplification. This adaptive system is used to suppress narrow-band interference in a direct-sequence spread-spectrum communication system. Several different narrow-band interferers are considered, and probability of error results are presented for all cases. While, in general, the results show significant improvement in performance when the LMS algorithm is used, certain disadvantages are also present and are discussed in this paper.

Adaptive narrow-band interference rejection in a DS spread-spectrum intercept receiver using transform domain signal processing techniques

An intercept receiver which uses a transform-domain-processing filter is described. This receiver detects direct-sequence binary-phase-shift-keyed (DS-BPSK) spread-spectrum signals in the presence of narrowband interference by employing adaptive narrowband interference rejection techniques. The improvement in the system performance over that of conventional detection techniques is shown by presenting the results of experimental measurements of probability of detection versus false alarm for an enhanced total power detector. Also presented are certain results corresponding to detection of the spectral lines generated at twice the carrier frequency, wherein the goal is often not just signal detection, but also carrier frequency estimation. The receiver uses one of two transform-domain-processing techniques for adaptive narrowband interference rejection. In the first technique, the narrowband interference is detected and excised in the transform domain by using an adaptive notch filter. In the second technique, the interference is suppressed using soft-limiting in the transform domain. >

P1G-4 Through-Wall Communication of Low-Rate Digital Data Using Ultrasound

Wireless communication is ineffective for communicating through a solid steel wall due to the shielding effect of the metal. In some cases, holes can be made in the wall to allow wires to pass through, enabling the transport of electronic data. However, holes are often undesirable because they can reduce the integrity of the wall. This paper describes several approaches for using ultrasound to communicate low-rate digital data through a steel wall. The techniques minimize the complexity and power consumption of the communications hardware on the side of the wall from which the data is being sent, supporting applications in which a sensor may be either permanently embedded in a structure or is difficult to reach for servicing. Both pulsed and continuous-wave ultrasound techniques are described. Experimental data is presented showing the performance of the techniques when implemented using 1 MHz transducers mounted on a 15.24 cm (6 inch) thick steel wall. The results show that data rates on the order of 500 bits per second are readily available using simple communications techniques. Higher rates are possible if equalization is used to mitigate the effects of the multipath propagation within the steel block

On the Performance of OFDM Systems in Time Varying Channels with Channel Estimation Error

In this paper, we analyze the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems in time varying channels with channel estimation error. The conventional approach to obtain an analytical expression for the average error probability (bit or symbol) relies on finding the joint probability density function (PDF) of the channel and the channel estimate, and then, average the conditional error probability over the joint PDF. Usually, averaging the conditional error probability requires solving a three-fold integral. We will first give a simple proof to the asymptotic Gaussianity of the Intercarrier Interference (ICI), then we show that by expressing the channel in terms of the channel estimate, the problem of obtaining the average error probability is greatly reduced, and simplified to solving a single integral. The derived expressions are general, and may be used to analyze the performance of a variety of channel estimation schemes for OFDM systems in static and time varying channels.

Motion blur detecting by support vector machine

Among various factors degrading captured image quality, motion blur is the most common. The user becomes aware of the blur only after viewing pictures on a higher resolution display. The causes of motion blur are object movement, camera shake, or any relative speed between the object and the camera. To avoid this problem, many anti-shaking or image stabilization techniques have been developed. However, a detecting mechanism for motion blur is still lacking. Hence, this paper will address some possible solutions and evaluate their performance. The purpose of a motion blur detector is to classify the digital image as blurred or clear and inform users. This function can supply information for users to decide to retake the picture immediately instead of turning the camera to playback mode to check. For achieving higher error tolerance and adaptation to different image capturing circumstances, a machine learning technique is employed. Different digital image processing schemes are explored to find the most discriminative features. Among the many machine techniques, Support Vector Machine (SVM) has been implemented. To achieve the best performance for SVM, inherent information extraction from motion blurred images is extremely important. Thus, several signal transformations including discrete Fourier, discrete cosine, and Radon transformation have been explored. A comparison of the performance of different feature vectors, kernel function, and parameters will also been addressed in this paper.

Suppression of Narrow-Band Interference in a PN Spread-Spectrum Receiver Using a CTD-Based Adaptive Filter

Analytical results have shown that adaptive filtering can be a powerful tool for the rejection of narrow-band interference in a spreadspectrum receiver. However, the complexity of adaptive filtering hardware has hindered the experimental verification of these results. This paper describes a new adaptive filter architecture for implementing the Widrow-Hoff LMS algorithm while using only two multipliers regardless of filter order. This hardware simplification is achieved through the use of a burst processing technique. A 16-tap version of this adaptive filter constructed using charge-transfer devices (CTDs) is used to suppress a single tone jammer in a direct sequence spread-spectrum receiver. Probability of error measurements demonstrating the effectiveness of the adaptive filter for suppressing the single tone jammer along with simulation results for the optimal Weiner-Hopf filter are presented and discussed.

Electrical optimization of power delivery through thick steel barriers using piezoelectric transducers

In many commercial, industrial, and military applications, supplying power to electronics through a thick metallic barrier without compromising its structural integrity would provide tremendous advantages over many existing barrier-penetrating techniques. The Faraday shielding presented by thick metallic barriers prevents the use of electromagnetic power-transmission techniques. This work describes the electrical optimization of continuouswave power delivery through thick steel barriers using ultrasound. Ultrasonic channels are formed by attaching pairs of coaxially-aligned piezoelectric transducers to opposite sides of thick steel blocks. The thickness of the steel considered is on the order of, or greater than, one quarter wavelength of the acoustic power signal inside of steel, requiring the use of wave propagation theory to properly analyze the system. A characterization and optimization methodology is presented which measures the linear two-port electrical scattering parameters of the transducersteel- transducer channel. Using these measurements, the simultaneous conjugate impedance-matching conditions at both transducers are calculated, and electrical matching-networks are designed to optimize the power transfer from a 50Ω power amplifier on one side of the steel block to a 50Ω load on the opposite side. In addition, the impacts of, and interactions between, transducer and steel geometries are discussed, and some general guidelines for selecting their relationships are presented. Measurements of optimized systems using transducers designed to resonate at 1 MHz with diameters from 12.7 mm to 66.7 mm, and steel block thicknesses from 9.5 mm to 63.5 mm, reveal power transfer efficiencies as high as 55%, and linear delivery of 81 watts through an optimized channel.