Papa Ibrahima Ngom

Orthodontic treatment need and demand in Senegalese school children aged 12-13 years. An appraisal using IOTN and ICON.

OBJECTIVE To assess the normative need, knowledge of, and demand for orthodontic treatment in Senegalese schoolchildren aged 12-13 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample consisted of 665 Senegalese schoolchildren randomly selected from different ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. The normative orthodontic treatment need was assessed using the Dental Health Component (DHC) and the Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and the Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON). Knowledge of and demand for orthodontic treatment were assessed with a questionnaire. RESULTS The DHC and the AC of the IOTN and the ICON classified respectively 42.6%, 8.7%, and 44.1% of the children as having a definite need for orthodontic treatment. There were no ethnic or gender differences with respect to normative orthodontic treatment need. The mean ICON score ranged from 42.31 to 44.46 according to the ethnic group. Only 10% of the children had some knowledge of orthodontics. However, between 17% and 30% of the children clearly expressed a need for orthodontic treatment, and the distribution between ethnic groups was significant. In contrast, there were no significant gender differences concerning this demand for treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that the need for orthodontic treatment far exceeds the actual available supply.

Intraarch and interarch relationships of the anterior teeth and periodontal conditions.

This study was undertaken to investigate the association between orthodontic anomalies and periodontal conditions. Three parameters of the intraarch relationship on both dental arches (displacement of contact point, crowding, and spacing) and four parameters of interarch relationship (overjet, open bite, crossbite, and overbite) assessed with either Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need or Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need were correlated with parameters of periodontal condition, ie, hygiene (Plaque Index and Retention Index), inflammation (gingival inflammation and Gingival Bleeding Index), and periodontal disease severity (pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and gingival recession). In the main, weak but significant correlations were found between certain parameters of intraarch and interarch relationship and some indices of periodontal conditions. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that providing orthodontic treatment on the ground of deleterious effect of malocclusion and malpositioned teeth on periodontal condition is justified.

Influence of the mode of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking on the dimensions of primary dental arches

INTRODUCTION Sucking is innate in both infants and young children. It is termed nutritive when referring to suckling from the breast or bottle-feeding and non-nutritive when applied to sucking of a digit or pacifier. Few studies have attempted to assess the impact of the type of sucking on the size of the dental arches. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of the mode of nutritive suckling and non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSH) on the measurements of the dental arches. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a transverse descriptive study involving 226 Senegalese children. The mode of feeding and the presence or not of a NNSH (digit or pacifier) were gathered from parents of all children using a structured questionnaire. Quantitative variables regarding intra- and inter-arch relationships were recorded using plaster moulds taken from the children. Statistical analyses were used to compare the different variables according to gender, the mode of feeding and the presence or not of a NNSH. RESULTS The subjects in the study (123 boys and 103 girls) were aged between 5 and 6years old. The children who had enjoyed mixed feeding (breast/bottle combination) had a great length of the anterior maxillary arch and a significantly greater depth of the palatal arch than children receiving breast-feeding alone. The children with antecedents or a current NNSH had a longer anterior maxillary arch than subjects with no NNSH (P=0.01). Regarding inter-arch relationships, the children with antecedents or a current digit-sucking habit had less overbite than their peers who had no NNSH (P=0.04). CONCLUSION The results of this study show that bottle-feeding, even partial, as well as NNSH are associated with changes in certain dimensions of the maxillary dental arch and in inter-arch relationships. Longitudinal studies are required to investigate further the nature of this association.

Vertical photogrammetric evaluation of the soft tissue profiles of two different racial groups: a comparative study.

INTRODUCTION Facial soft-tissue analyses based on photographic records (photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissues) highlight interracial and interethnic dimorphism. The standards for facial analyses, originally obtained from Caucasian subjects, are not appropriate for the diagnosis and treatment planning of other groups of orthodontic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the photogrammetric soft tissue profile characteristics in the vertical dimension of Senegalese and Moroccan adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on a group of Senegalese and Moroccan students in the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Dakar. Standardized profile photographs were taken for each student in a natural head position, centric relation, and relaxed lip posture. Fourteen linear and ten angular parameters were measured on a paper print using a graduated ruler and a protractor. The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for each variable. In addition an independent samples t-test was performed to detect sexual and racial dimorphism. Results were regarded as significant at P=0.05. RESULTS Moroccan subjects had a less pronounced nasal bridge and a significantly more open nasolabial angle than the Senegalese, who had significantly greater lip height and a significantly less open inter-labial angle than the Moroccans. CONCLUSION Further studies including different age groups would enable longitudinal data according to age to be obtained.

Rapports réciproques entre orthodontie et parodontologie. Intérêt d'une synergie d'action effective

The aim of this article is to review evidence on the reciprocal relationships between orthodontics and periodontics. Normal intra-arch and inter-arch relationships have long been considered as an anatomic prerequisite for the preservation of dental health and function. Certain malocclusion traits are associated with difficulties in maintaining good oral hygiene and as a consequence to poor periodontal condition. Therefore, proper alignment of the teeth provided by orthodontic treatment may promote good control of soft deposit and calculus and subsequent periodontal inflammation. The tendency of orthodontic appliances, particularly the brackets and bands to promote the accumulation of plaque and thus increasing the risk of developing localized periodontal disease must however be constantly emphasized. Periodontitis involves progressive loss of the alveolar bone around the teeth, pathological tooth migration and gingival recession with pathological tooth migration and gingival recession as a possible outcome. The effectiveness of orthodontics in conjunction with periodontics in the management of these esthetic and functional defects is highlighted in this review.

Evaluation of dentoskeletal parameters in Senegalese subjects using orthodontic architectural analysis

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of a Senegalese population based on an architectural cephalometric analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and five lateral cephalograms of Senegalese patients were assessed in a cross-sectional study. All lateral cephalometric films were traced on a transparent cellulose acetate sheet by the same operator. Danguy architectural analysis was performed with 11 measurements (seven linear and four angular). T-test was used to assess differences in cephalometric variables between subjects grouped according to gender (male and female) and age bracket (<12 years and ≥12 years). Significance was set at p≤0.05. RESULTS This study shows that this Senegalese sample had a skeletal class II tendency associated with backward mandibular rotation. The divergence of masticatory corner appears to be greater than in Caucasians with more vertical facial growth. No statistically significant differences were found between men and women. As compared to the under 12 years subgroup, the over 12 years subgroup shows significant increase in maxillary and mandibular lengths whereas skeletal divergence evidenced the opposite tendency and the difference with the under 12 subgroup was significant. Lastly, the first molar underwent significantly greater mesial drift in the 12 and over sub-group. CONCLUSION Danguy architectural analysis provides a good reliable comparative assessment of facial structures and offers an addition to conventional dimensional or typological analytical methods.

Attempt at modelizing the dental arch form of the Senegalese subject.

Insufficient attention paid to dental arch forms during orthodontic treatment can give rise to relapses. The aim of this study was to calculate the mean dental arch form of the Senegalese subject and to suggest a characteristic polynomial function. Our sample comprised 57 Senegalese subjects aged between 13 and 33 years displaying an ideal occlusion. By superimposing all the arch curves of the different subjects in the series and by adopting intermolar distance as the standard unit, we were able to calculate the mean maxillary and mandibular arch forms and suggest a polynomial function of 6 degrees enabling production of almost perfect reproductions of these forms.

Corrélation entre l’épaisseur des muscles masséters et la morphologie cranio-faciale

Resume Introduction Une bonne connaissance des facteurs qui influent sur la morphogenese cranio-faciale est necessaire pour mieux diagnostiquer et traiter les anomalies orthodontiques. Notre objectif dans cette etude etait d’etudier les correlations entre la fonction musculaire et la morphologie cranio-faciale. Materiels et methodes Les sujets d’etude consistent en un echantillon randomise de 102 jeunes adultes volontaires. La fonction musculaire objectivee par l’epaisseur des muscles masseters a ete evaluee chez ces sujets par une echographie en temps reel a l’aide d’une sonde lineaire de 8 MHz. Les parametres de la morphologie cranio-faciale ont ete determines a partir de teleradiographie de profil obtenue chez chaque sujet. Resultats Il n’y a pas de correlation significative entre les variables du sens sagittal (SNA, SNB, ANB, AoBo) et l’epaisseur des masseters. En revanche les variables du sens vertical (ArGMe, SNPm, HFP) ont une correlation significative avec l’epaisseur des masseters. Conclusion L’idee que la morphologie cranio-faciale peut etre influencee au moins partiellement par la musculature masticatrice, pourrait avoir des implications interessantes en ce qui concerne le diagnostic et le traitement des dysmorphoses orthodontiques.

Relationships between the obstructive character of the tonsils and the type of ventilation and lip posture

INTRODUCTION The role of obstructive tonsils in ventilatory disorders and abnormal lip posture is widely discussed in the literature but remains controversial. The data reported on the probable relationship between obstructive tonsils and an existing breathing disorder or lip incompetence were subjective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the obstructive character of the tonsils and the type of ventilation and lip posture. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study performed in children aged from 6 to 12 years old. The subjects were divided into two groups (A and B) according to the obstructive or non-obstructive character of the palatal tonsils. Type of ventilation and lip posture at rest were recorded for each child. The collected data were analysed using the SPSS 20.0 software (for Windows). A Students t-test and a Chi2 test were respectively used to compare quantitative and qualitative variables according to the obstructive character of the tonsils for each group. The level of significance is fixed at P=0.05. RESULTS The subjects in group B with obstructive palatal tonsils were significantly more likely to oral breathing and lip incompetence than the subjects with non-obstructive tonsils (group A). CONCLUSION The clinical examination of children with ventilatory and postural disorders with lip incompetence must be directed towards the search for associated obstructive palatal tonsils in order to plan an early etiological treatment. This would allow to avoid subsequent problems in the dentofacial structures.

Comparison of the dental measurements according to the obstructive character of the tonsils

INTRODUCTION The role of obstructive tonsils in dental arches abnormalities is widely discussed in the literature but remains controversial. Data on the probable relationship between obstructive tonsils and the presence of these orthodontic abnormalities are subjective. The objective of this study is to quantify the relationship between the obstructive character of the tonsils and the dental arches measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in children aged between 6 to 12 years divided into 2 groups (A and B) according to the obstructive character of the tonsils. Dental intra- and inter-arches measurements are recorded on each child. Data is analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows. A t Student and chi square tests are respectively used to compare quantitative and qualitative variables according to the obstructive character of the tonsils. The level of significance is fixed at p = 0.05. RESULTS The upper dental arch depth is significantly more important in subjects with obstructive tonsils (group B). Dental arches widths are significantly more important in subjects without obstructive tonsils (group A). Group B subjects are significantly more likely to have class II malocclusions, open bite and posterior cross bite with mandibular lateral deviation than group A subjects. CONCLUSION Early evaluation of children with obstructive tonsils can prevent dental intra- and inter-arches abnormalities caused by upper airway obstruction. Thus late and more aggressive treatments which are not always as efficient as when they were performed during childhood will be avoided.