Patricia Spara

Effect of antiretroviral agents on carbohydrate metabolism in HIV-1 infected pregnant women.

Despite the correlation between the use of protease inhibitors (PI) and adverse metabolic glycemic events, no prospective study has examined these parameters in pregnant women who use these drugs.

Investigação do fluxo expiratório máximo em gestantes saudáveis

PURPOSE: to investigate the normal peak expiratory flow values in healthy pregnant women employing a portable expiratory apparatus (Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meter), and to relate the obtained measurements to each patients height, body mass index (BMI) and age, along gestation. METHODS: a longitudinal prospective study including 26 pregnant women followed up from the first trimester to the 36th week of gestation and examined every four weeks. On the occasion of seven visits, the pregnant women performed forced exhaling into a portable expiratory apparatus three times, with the highest value being considered the peak expiratory flow. All measurements were made under the same investigators supervision in order to reduce the margin of error. Pearson coefficient was used to calculate the correlation between flow and BMI, between flow and patients height, and between flow and patients age. RESULTS: the variation in flow values during pregnancy can be determined by flow = 328.32 -0.07 x week, with a Pearson coefficient equal to zero. To determine whether there was a difference in the correlation coefficients between BMI and flow, we compared the lowest coefficient (0.47 for week 30, flow = 123.49 + 7.64 x BMI) with the highest coefficient (0.59 for week 34, flow = 87.77 + 9.05 x BMI) of each studied time interval and obtained a value of 0.22, indicating a good correlation between the flow and BMI variables. There was a positive correlation between height and flow (Pearson = 0.61), with flow = -477.47 + 497.38 x height. The correlation coefficient between flow and age was 0.24, with the equation obtained in this case being non-linear. CONCLUSIONS: peak expiratory flow values did not change along gestation. Higher flows were observed in taller women. Pregnant women with a higher BMI before gestation presented higher flows. There was no correlation between flow and maternal age.

Fatores de risco clínicos e ultra-sonográficos relacionados à litíase vesicular assintomática em mulheres

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate ultrasonographic and clinical variables such as the presence or absence of bile sludge, thickness of the gallbladder wall, transverse measurement of the gallbladder, age, parity, and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus, and to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic gallstones in female patients submitted to ultrasonographic examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study involving 265 female patients attending at the Escola de Ultra-sonografia e Reciclagem Medica de Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil, during the period from January to September, 2001. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in gallstones and gallbladder wall thickness, bile sludge, transverse gallbladder diameter, age, parity, with a 4.1% among nulliparous women and a 39.1% in multiparous women and diabetic women. The prevalence of gallstones in asymptomatic patients was 14.7%. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic gallstones in women were mainly related to age and parity. The most frequently detected ultrasonographic findings were the presence of bile sludge and thickening of the gallbladder wall.

Tumor placentário diagnosticado durante a gravidez: relato de caso

The most frequently nontrophoblastic tumor of the placenta found is chorioangioma, with an incidence of about 1%. When they are small, they do not significantly affect the fetus, but the large ones can cause intrauterine growth restriction, polyhydramnios, premature delivery, congestive heart failure and fetal death. The authors report a case of chorioangioma in a 28-year-old woman, second gestation, whose diagnosis was established at the 32nd week by ultrasound and confirmed by the anatomopathological examination. Ultrasonography evaluations showed chronic fetal distress and the delivery was performed at 36 weeks. The newborn results were satisfactory with Apgar 9-10 and fetal weight 2.460 g.

Ultra-sonografia virtual: reprodutibilidade intra-observador

OBJECTIVE: To compare the intraobserver reproducibility of real three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) with virtual ultrasonography using multiplanar and volumetric reformations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 132 blocks from 44 evaluations of 26 conceptuses were prospectively examined. The gestational age determined by echography ranged from eight weeks and eight weeks and six days in 18 conceptuses and ten weeks and ten weeks and six days in 26 conceptuses. The following structures were analyzed by 3DUS: crown-rump length, gestational sac, amniotic sac, nuchal translucency, omphalomesenteric duct, vitellin vesicle, upper limbs, lower limbs, head-thorax distinction, lateral view of the face, coronal view of the face, ear implantation, lateral view of the spine, coronal view of the spine, and closed abdominal wall. Three blocks were obtained from each conceptus for virtual ultrasonography. Students t test, McNemar test and kappa statistics were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: In group I, real multiplanar 3DUS versus 3D virtual multiplanar ultrasonography, the analysis of continuous variables showed significant differences for all variables. The analysis of categorical variables showed no significant differences in any of the variables. In group II, real volumetric 3DUS versus virtual volumetric ultrasonography, showed significant differences only for ear implantation. The results of the analyses of categorical variables were consistent for most of the variables analyzed in both groups. CONCLUSION: We concluded that there is intraobserver reproducibility of virtual ultrasonography using multiplanar and volumetric reformations.

Evolução dos índices dopplervelocimétricos da artéria cerebral média em fetos de gestantes normais

PURPOSE: to study the evolution of the resistance and pulsatility indices, maximum velocity, final diastolic velocity and time of acceleration of the middle cerebral artery of fetuses between 22 and 38 weeks of gestation. METHODS: a prospective and longitudinal observational study was conducted on 33 fetuses of normal pregnant women evaluated between 22 and 38 weeks of pregnancy. The gestational age was determined on the basis of the date of the last menstruation and/or by ultrasound examination during the first trimester. Doppler ultrasound examination was performed by a single observer using an Image Point 1800 (Hewlett Packard) apparatus equipped with a multiple frequency transducer. For the acquisition of the Doppler tracing of the middle cerebral artery, the sample indicator was calibrated for a sample volume of 1 mm3 and placed on the anterior middle cerebral artery as close as possible to the skullcap. The insonation angle was kept between 5o and 19o and the filter was adjusted to a frequency of 50-100 Hz. The newborn infants were evaluated in order to confirm that the fetuses were vigorous and adequate for gestational age. RESULTS: the results obtained for the resistance and pulsatility indices revealed a 2nd-degree equation, representing a parabola whose values for the resistance index were 0.81 during the 22nd week and 0.75 during the 38th week. The pulsatility index was 1.59 during the 22nd week and 1.45 during the 38th week. Maximum systolic velocity increased progressively along pregnancy, with values of 26.3 cm/s during the 22nd week and 57.7 cm/s during the 38th week. Final diastolic velocity increased progressively from the 26th week (5.21 cm/s) to term (14.6 cm/s). Acceleration time increased significantly only between 26 and 30 weeks, with values of 0.04 s during the 26th week and 0.05 s during the 30th week. CONCLUSION: it was concluded that the evolution of the resistance and pulsatility indices and of maximum systolic velocity were similar to those of most studies described in the literature. Acceleration time presented few modifications during the evaluated gestational weeks.

Comprimento do colo uterino de gestantes com rotura prematura pré-termo de membranas avaliado pela ultra-sonografia transvaginal

OBJETIVO: avaliar o comprimento do colo uterino, por meio da ultra-sonografia transvaginal, em gestantes com rotura prematura pre-termo de membranas. PACIENTES E METODOS: o grupo de estudo (Ge) foi constituido por 26 gravidas entre a 24a e a 36a semana de gestacao e o grupo controle (Gc) por 49 pacientes clinicamente normais, na mesma idade gestacional. As pacientes foram avaliadas entre a 24a e 28a, 28a e 32a, 32a e 36a semana de gestacao, sendo subdivididas nos subgrupos Ge24-28, Ge28-32, Ge32-36 e Gc24-28, Gc28-32, Gc32-36, conforme pertencessem ao grupo de estudo e controle, respectivamente. O comprimento do colo uterino foi obtido por meio da ultra-sonografia transvaginal, em vista sagital, realizando-se a medida linear da distância entre os orificios cervicais interno e externo. RESULTADOS: observamos diferencas significantes das medidas do comprimento do colo uterino entre Ge24-28 e Gc24-28, cujos valores foram 24,3 e 33,0 mm, respectivamente (p=0,04), como tambem entre Ge32-36 e Gc32-36, cujos valores foram, respectivamente, 20,1 e 28,0 mm (p=0,005). Os periodos de latencia dos grupos Ge24-28, Ge28-32 e Ge32-36 foram, respectivamente, sete, cinco e tres dias, apresentando correlacao positiva com o comprimento do colo uterino (r=0,66) e negativa com a idade gestacional (r=-0,27). CONCLUSAO: o comprimento do colo uterino variou de acordo com a idade gestacional em que a rotura prematura pre-termo das membranas foi detectada, sendo menor no grupo de estudo que no grupo controle entre a 24a e a 28a e entre a 32a e a 36a semana. Alem disso, demonstrou-se que quanto menor o comprimento do colo, menor e o tempo de latencia, e que houve diminuicao no periodo de latencia a medida que aumentou a idade gestacional em que se deu a rotura.

Volume uterino em adolescentes avaliado pela ultra-sonografia

PURPOSE: to evaluate the uterine volume in women between 10 and 40 years in order to observe if the uterine volume in adolescents is smaller than the uterine volume in women between 20 and 40 years. We intend to emphasize the differences between the uterine volume of adolescents and that of adult women and to correlate with the immaturity of the genital tract of adolescents regarding gestation and delivery. METHOD: a cross-sectional study, which included 828 patients between 10 and 40 years old divided into two groups and examined using abdominal ultrasound to obtain the uterine volume measure. The first group consisted of 477 (57.7%) adolescents, and the second group of 351 (42.3%) adult women between 20 and 40 years old. In the adolescent group, ultrasound examination was performed by a single observer and in the group of adult women ultrasound examination was performed by a group of observers who used the same methodology as that of group 1. Image Point HX (Hewlett Packard) and Hitachi 525 ultrasound equipment were used with a multiple frequency probe. For the calculation of the uterine volume we used the longitudinal diameter (LD), anteroposterior diameter (APD) and transverse diameter (TD) with the (LD x APD x TD) x 0.45 formula. RESULTS: adolescents aged 10 to 17 years had a smaller uterine volume than women aged 20 to 40 years (p 0.05). CONCLUSION: adolescents less than 18 years old or primiparous have a smaller uterine volume than women between 20 to 40 years old. However, adolescents aged 18 years or older, or secundipara, have a uterine volume similar to that of women aged 20 to 40 years.