Paulo Amilton Maia Leite Filho

Análise por dados em painel do status de saúde no Nordeste Brasileiro

OBJETIVO: Analisar fatores determinantes do status de saude em cada estado da Regiao Nordeste do Brasil. METODOS: Estudo utilizando a metodologia de dados em painel, com informacoes agregadas para municipios. Os dados compreendem os anos de 1991 e 2000, e foram obtidos no Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano do Programa das Nacoes Unidas para o Desenvolvimento, e Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Utilizou-se como indicador do status de saude, a taxa de mortalidade infantil, e como determinantes as variaveis: gastos com saude e saneamento per capita, numeros de medicos por mil habitantes, acesso a agua tratada, taxa de fecundidade e de analfabetismo, percentual de maes adolescentes, renda per capita e indice de Gini. RESULTADOS: As taxas de mortalidade infantil na regiao Nordeste reduziram-se em 31,8% no periodo analisado, desempenho pouco superior ao apresentado para a media nacional. No entanto, em alguns estados, como Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Ceara e Alagoas, a reducao foi mais significativa. Isso pode ser atribuido a melhora de alguns indicadores que sao os principais determinantes da reducao da taxa de mortalidade infantil: maior acesso a educacao, reducao da taxa de fecundidade, aumento da renda, e do acesso a agua. CONCLUSOES: Os estados que apresentaram maiores ganhos no acesso a agua tratada, educacao, renda e reducao da taxa de fecundidade, foram tambem os que obtiveram maiores ganhos na reducao da mortalidade de menores de um ano de idade.OBJECTIVE To assess health status determinants in Brazils Northeast states. METHODS Study carried out based on panel data analysis of aggregated information for municipalities. Data was obtained from the United Nations Development Program Atlas of Human Development and Brazilian National Treasury Department for the years 1991 and 2000. Health status indicator was infant mortality rate and health determinants were the following variables: per capita health and sanitation expenditure; number of physicians per inhabitant; access to drinking water; fertility rate; illiteracy rate; percentage of adolescent mothers; per capita income; and Gini coefficient. RESULTS Infant mortality rates in Northeast Brazil were reduced by 31.8%, during the period studied, slightly above the national average. However, in some states, such as Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Ceará and Alagoas, the reduction was more significant. This can be attributed to improvement in some indicators that are main determinants of infant mortality rate reduction: greater access to education, reduction of fertility rates, increased income, and access to drinking water. CONCLUSIONS Brazilian states that showed greater gains in access to drinking water, education, income and reduction of fertility rates were also the ones that achieved major reductions in mortality of children under a year of age.

Panel data analysis of health status in Northeast Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar fatores determinantes do status de saude em cada estado da Regiao Nordeste do Brasil. METODOS: Estudo utilizando a metodologia de dados em painel, com informacoes agregadas para municipios. Os dados compreendem os anos de 1991 e 2000, e foram obtidos no Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano do Programa das Nacoes Unidas para o Desenvolvimento, e Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Utilizou-se como indicador do status de saude, a taxa de mortalidade infantil, e como determinantes as variaveis: gastos com saude e saneamento per capita, numeros de medicos por mil habitantes, acesso a agua tratada, taxa de fecundidade e de analfabetismo, percentual de maes adolescentes, renda per capita e indice de Gini. RESULTADOS: As taxas de mortalidade infantil na regiao Nordeste reduziram-se em 31,8% no periodo analisado, desempenho pouco superior ao apresentado para a media nacional. No entanto, em alguns estados, como Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Ceara e Alagoas, a reducao foi mais significativa. Isso pode ser atribuido a melhora de alguns indicadores que sao os principais determinantes da reducao da taxa de mortalidade infantil: maior acesso a educacao, reducao da taxa de fecundidade, aumento da renda, e do acesso a agua. CONCLUSOES: Os estados que apresentaram maiores ganhos no acesso a agua tratada, educacao, renda e reducao da taxa de fecundidade, foram tambem os que obtiveram maiores ganhos na reducao da mortalidade de menores de um ano de idade.OBJECTIVE To assess health status determinants in Brazils Northeast states. METHODS Study carried out based on panel data analysis of aggregated information for municipalities. Data was obtained from the United Nations Development Program Atlas of Human Development and Brazilian National Treasury Department for the years 1991 and 2000. Health status indicator was infant mortality rate and health determinants were the following variables: per capita health and sanitation expenditure; number of physicians per inhabitant; access to drinking water; fertility rate; illiteracy rate; percentage of adolescent mothers; per capita income; and Gini coefficient. RESULTS Infant mortality rates in Northeast Brazil were reduced by 31.8%, during the period studied, slightly above the national average. However, in some states, such as Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Ceará and Alagoas, the reduction was more significant. This can be attributed to improvement in some indicators that are main determinants of infant mortality rate reduction: greater access to education, reduction of fertility rates, increased income, and access to drinking water. CONCLUSIONS Brazilian states that showed greater gains in access to drinking water, education, income and reduction of fertility rates were also the ones that achieved major reductions in mortality of children under a year of age.

INFLUENCIA DE LA RESTRICCIÓN FINANCIERA Y DE LA CRISIS FINANCIERA GLOBAL EFFECTIVE TAX RATE DE LAS EMPRESAS LATINOAMERICANAS

The aim was to analyze whether financially constrained (RF) Latin American companies, and in periods of global financial crisis, reduce the Effective Tax Rate (ETR). The sample was composed of non-financial publicly traded firms in Latin America from 2006 to 2015, of which 5,328 are firms per year. An association between RF and ETR was confirmed, but not observed in all Latin American countries. It is considered that due to institutional differences between these countries the results were not uniform, but the findings have relevant information about the behavior of Latin American firms in the face of financial constraints and periods of crisis in possible tax avoidance practices.

Modelagem da volatilidade apresentada pelos índices ivbx-2 e smll em 2008 usando modelos da família arch

The financial series are strongly characterized by its volatility, alternating periods of high and low volatility, ie the variance of these series is not constant, varying with time. Thus, the series may have heteroscedastidade financial circumstances. The paper analyzes the behavior of the series of returns of the indices IVBX-2 and SMLL in the year 2008, aiming to identify the volatility of the series. The central axis of the work is theoretical theory of efficient markets, it believes that all relevant information is already incorporated into stock prices, so the price is a good measure of value of shares. The indices studied are characterized as representing hypothetical portfolio consisting of shares of lesser value and lesser liquidity, these characteristics imply a higher risk and higher return associated with investments in such portfolio. The methodology adopted was the use of ARCH models in the family. The implementation of the models indicate the series have similar behavior, with the coefficient which measures the persistence of shocks around 1 and the impacts of these shocks occur so asymmetrical, where the negative shocks have a greater effect than positive shocks .Las series financieros se caracterizan por su alta volatilidad, alternando periodos de alta volatilidad y baja, es decir, la variacion de estos conjuntos no es constante sino que varia con el tiempo. Por lo tanto, la serie puede tener la libertad condicional heteroscedastidade financiera. El trabajo analiza el comportamiento de la serie de retornos del indice IVBX-2 y SMLL en 2008, con el objetivo de identificar la volatilidad de la serie. El eje del trabajo teorico central es la teoria del mercado eficiente, que considera toda la informacion pertinente ya ha sido incorporada en el precio de las acciones, por lo que el precio es una buena medida de valor para el accionista. Los indices estudiados se caracterizan como la representacion de la cartera hipotetica consistente en acciones de menor valor y menor liquidez estas caracteristicas implica un mayor riesgo y mayor rentabilidad asociada a las inversiones en dicha cartera. La metodologia adoptada fue la utilizacion de los modelos de la familia ARCH, que consideran la dependencia temporal de los rendimientos. Los resultados de la aplicacion de los modelos indican las series tienen un comportamiento similar, con el coeficiente que mide la persistencia de los choques en torno al 1 y el impacto de estos choques se producen de forma asimetrica, donde los shocks negativos tienen un efecto mayor que los shocks positivos.

Modeling the volatility presented by indexes IVBX-2 and SMLL in 2008 using models of the ARCH family

The financial series are strongly characterized by its volatility, alternating periods of high and low volatility, ie the variance of these series is not constant, varying with time. Thus, the series may have heteroscedastidade financial circumstances. The paper analyzes the behavior of the series of returns of the indices IVBX-2 and SMLL in the year 2008, aiming to identify the volatility of the series. The central axis of the work is theoretical theory of efficient markets, it believes that all relevant information is already incorporated into stock prices, so the price is a good measure of value of shares. The indices studied are characterized as representing hypothetical portfolio consisting of shares of lesser value and lesser liquidity, these characteristics imply a higher risk and higher return associated with investments in such portfolio. The methodology adopted was the use of ARCH models in the family. The implementation of the models indicate the series have similar behavior, with the coefficient which measures the persistence of shocks around 1 and the impacts of these shocks occur so asymmetrical, where the negative shocks have a greater effect than positive shocks .Las series financieros se caracterizan por su alta volatilidad, alternando periodos de alta volatilidad y baja, es decir, la variacion de estos conjuntos no es constante sino que varia con el tiempo. Por lo tanto, la serie puede tener la libertad condicional heteroscedastidade financiera. El trabajo analiza el comportamiento de la serie de retornos del indice IVBX-2 y SMLL en 2008, con el objetivo de identificar la volatilidad de la serie. El eje del trabajo teorico central es la teoria del mercado eficiente, que considera toda la informacion pertinente ya ha sido incorporada en el precio de las acciones, por lo que el precio es una buena medida de valor para el accionista. Los indices estudiados se caracterizan como la representacion de la cartera hipotetica consistente en acciones de menor valor y menor liquidez estas caracteristicas implica un mayor riesgo y mayor rentabilidad asociada a las inversiones en dicha cartera. La metodologia adoptada fue la utilizacion de los modelos de la familia ARCH, que consideran la dependencia temporal de los rendimientos. Los resultados de la aplicacion de los modelos indican las series tienen un comportamiento similar, con el coeficiente que mide la persistencia de los choques en torno al 1 y el impacto de estos choques se producen de forma asimetrica, donde los shocks negativos tienen un efecto mayor que los shocks positivos.

Modelación de la volatilidad presentada por los índices IVBX-2 y SMLL en 2008 utilizando modelos de la familia ARCH

The financial series are strongly characterized by its volatility, alternating periods of high and low volatility, ie the variance of these series is not constant, varying with time. Thus, the series may have heteroscedastidade financial circumstances. The paper analyzes the behavior of the series of returns of the indices IVBX-2 and SMLL in the year 2008, aiming to identify the volatility of the series. The central axis of the work is theoretical theory of efficient markets, it believes that all relevant information is already incorporated into stock prices, so the price is a good measure of value of shares. The indices studied are characterized as representing hypothetical portfolio consisting of shares of lesser value and lesser liquidity, these characteristics imply a higher risk and higher return associated with investments in such portfolio. The methodology adopted was the use of ARCH models in the family. The implementation of the models indicate the series have similar behavior, with the coefficient which measures the persistence of shocks around 1 and the impacts of these shocks occur so asymmetrical, where the negative shocks have a greater effect than positive shocks .Las series financieros se caracterizan por su alta volatilidad, alternando periodos de alta volatilidad y baja, es decir, la variacion de estos conjuntos no es constante sino que varia con el tiempo. Por lo tanto, la serie puede tener la libertad condicional heteroscedastidade financiera. El trabajo analiza el comportamiento de la serie de retornos del indice IVBX-2 y SMLL en 2008, con el objetivo de identificar la volatilidad de la serie. El eje del trabajo teorico central es la teoria del mercado eficiente, que considera toda la informacion pertinente ya ha sido incorporada en el precio de las acciones, por lo que el precio es una buena medida de valor para el accionista. Los indices estudiados se caracterizan como la representacion de la cartera hipotetica consistente en acciones de menor valor y menor liquidez estas caracteristicas implica un mayor riesgo y mayor rentabilidad asociada a las inversiones en dicha cartera. La metodologia adoptada fue la utilizacion de los modelos de la familia ARCH, que consideran la dependencia temporal de los rendimientos. Los resultados de la aplicacion de los modelos indican las series tienen un comportamiento similar, con el coeficiente que mide la persistencia de los choques en torno al 1 y el impacto de estos choques se producen de forma asimetrica, donde los shocks negativos tienen un efecto mayor que los shocks positivos.

Análisis por datos de panel del estatus de salud en el Noreste Brasilero

OBJETIVO: Analisar fatores determinantes do status de saude em cada estado da Regiao Nordeste do Brasil. METODOS: Estudo utilizando a metodologia de dados em painel, com informacoes agregadas para municipios. Os dados compreendem os anos de 1991 e 2000, e foram obtidos no Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano do Programa das Nacoes Unidas para o Desenvolvimento, e Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Utilizou-se como indicador do status de saude, a taxa de mortalidade infantil, e como determinantes as variaveis: gastos com saude e saneamento per capita, numeros de medicos por mil habitantes, acesso a agua tratada, taxa de fecundidade e de analfabetismo, percentual de maes adolescentes, renda per capita e indice de Gini. RESULTADOS: As taxas de mortalidade infantil na regiao Nordeste reduziram-se em 31,8% no periodo analisado, desempenho pouco superior ao apresentado para a media nacional. No entanto, em alguns estados, como Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Ceara e Alagoas, a reducao foi mais significativa. Isso pode ser atribuido a melhora de alguns indicadores que sao os principais determinantes da reducao da taxa de mortalidade infantil: maior acesso a educacao, reducao da taxa de fecundidade, aumento da renda, e do acesso a agua. CONCLUSOES: Os estados que apresentaram maiores ganhos no acesso a agua tratada, educacao, renda e reducao da taxa de fecundidade, foram tambem os que obtiveram maiores ganhos na reducao da mortalidade de menores de um ano de idade.OBJECTIVE To assess health status determinants in Brazils Northeast states. METHODS Study carried out based on panel data analysis of aggregated information for municipalities. Data was obtained from the United Nations Development Program Atlas of Human Development and Brazilian National Treasury Department for the years 1991 and 2000. Health status indicator was infant mortality rate and health determinants were the following variables: per capita health and sanitation expenditure; number of physicians per inhabitant; access to drinking water; fertility rate; illiteracy rate; percentage of adolescent mothers; per capita income; and Gini coefficient. RESULTS Infant mortality rates in Northeast Brazil were reduced by 31.8%, during the period studied, slightly above the national average. However, in some states, such as Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Ceará and Alagoas, the reduction was more significant. This can be attributed to improvement in some indicators that are main determinants of infant mortality rate reduction: greater access to education, reduction of fertility rates, increased income, and access to drinking water. CONCLUSIONS Brazilian states that showed greater gains in access to drinking water, education, income and reduction of fertility rates were also the ones that achieved major reductions in mortality of children under a year of age.