Paulo Cezar Gomes

Valores Energéticos da Soja e Subprodutos da Soja, Determinados com Frangos de Corte e Galos Adultos

Os valores energeticos (energia metabolizavel aparente - EMA e verdadeira - EMV) de amostras de farelo de soja (1, 2, 3, 4 e texturizado) e de soja integral processada (Jet Sploder, tostada e micronizada) foram determinados, utilizando-se o metodo tradicional de coleta total de excretas, com pintos em crescimento e o metodo de alimentacao forcada, com galos adultos. No primeiro ensaio, as racoes experimentais com os 8 alimentos foram fornecidas a quatro repeticoes de 10 aves cada, exceto a racao referencia, a qual foi fornecida a seis repeticoes. No segundo ensaio, cada um dos alimentos foi fornecido a seis galos, os quais receberam 15 g do alimento pela manha (8 h) e 15 g a tarde (16 h), apos terem sofrido um jejum de 24 horas. Simultaneamente, seis galos foram mantidos em jejum, para determinacao das perdas endogenas e metabolicas. Apos determinados os valores energeticos, estabeleceram-se equacoes para predizer as EMAn obtidas com pintos e EMVn com galos, utilizando-se a composicao dos alimentos. Os valores energeticos das amostras de farelo de soja 1, 2, 3, 4 e texturizado, sojas integral Jet Sploder, integral tostada e micronizada foram 2337 e 2733; 2376 e 2818; 2469 e 2766; 2437 e 2881; 2833 e 2810; 3224 e 3775; 3400 e 4001; 4104 e 4441 kcal/kg de MS, respectivamente para as EMAn determinadas com pintos e EMVn com galos; as equacoes ajustadas com duas a quatro variaveis foram boas preditoras dos valores energeticos dos alimentos, com valores de R2 superiores a 92%; as equacoes com as variaveis fibra bruta (FB) e extrato etereo (EE) podem estimar os valores energeticos da soja e subprodutos, sendo: EMAn = 2822,2 - 90,13FB + 49,96EE (R2 = 0,93) e EMVn = 2857,3 - 38,29FB + 61,02EE (R2 = 0,98).

Valores de composição química e energética de alguns alimentos para aves

The experiment was carried out to determine the chemical and the energetic values of eight feedstuffs (corn grain, corn pre-cooked I and II, canola meal, spray-dried plasma, poultry by-product meal, glucose and corn starch) for birds. To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected apparent (AMEn) values, the traditional method of total excreta collection was used, with 400 broiler chicks, male and female, 21 days old. A completely randomized design, with ten treatments (eight feedstuffs and two reference diets), and five replications of eight birds per experimental unit, was used. The corn grain and pre-cooked I and II replaced 40%, and the starch and glucose 20% of the reference diet containing 26% crude protein (CP); the canola meal replaced 40%, and spray-dried plasma and poultry by-products meal 20% of the reference diet containing 18% CP. Dry matter - DM (%), CP (%), AME (kcal/kg) e AMEn (kcal/kg) values were, respectively, for corn grain: 87.72, 7.33, 3,246, and 3,235; for pre-cooked I: 87.75, 7.14, 3,385, and 3,379; for pre-cooked II: 87.88, 7,34, 3.187 and 3.179; for canola meal: 87,53, 37,89, 1,793 and 1,778; for spray-dried plasma: 90,67, 74,24, 3.503 and 3.474; and for poultry by-product meal: 90.35, 64.98, 4,293 and 4,268. For the glucose and corn starch, only the values of DM (%), AME (kcal/kg) and AMEn (kcal/kg) were determined, and for the glucose the values were 99.12, 3,170, and 3,168 and for corn starch, 85.52, 3,203, and 3201, respectively.

Composição química e energética de alguns alimentos para frangos de corte em duas idades

This experiment was carried out to determine of the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and to determine of the chemical composition of some feeds. The traditional method of total excreta collection was used with male broilers chickens in the period from 21 to 30 days old and 41 to 50 days old. The birds were distributed to a completely randomized experimental design, with eleven diets, ten with tested feeds and one reference diet, and each diet with six replications and six and four birds per experimental unit. The following feeds were studied: broken rice, whole rice meal, corn, sorghum, wheat bran, soybean meal, peanut meal, and cottonseed meal, 28%CP, and two sugarcane yeast (40 and 43% CP). The values of AMEn (kcal/kg as fed), in the first and second experimental periods were, respectively, for sugarcane yeast 40% CP: 2.395 and 2.483, for sugarcane yeast 43% CP: 2.626 and 2.726, for soybean meal: 2.202 and 2.306, for cottonseed meal 28% CP: 1.605 and 1.786: for peanut meal: 2.155 and 2.471, for wheat bran: 1.683 e 1.877, for sorghum: 3.165 and 3.364, for corn: 3.351 and 3.524, for whole rice meal: 2.446 and 2.650 and for the broken rice: 3.138 and 3.278. All values of AME and AMEn, for al feeds, were higher in second experimental period, showing that, with advancing of the age, birds improve the utilization of feeds.

Níveis de lisina digestível em rações para frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias de idade, mantidos em ambiente de termoneutralidade

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary digestible lysine levels, maintaining or not the amino acid relation, on performance of broilers from 22 to 42 days old on thermoneutral environment. Two hundred and ten male broilers (averaging initial weight of 662.5 g) and 168 broilers (averaging initial weight of 623.7 g) were assigned to a completely randomized experimental design in trials 1 and 2, respectively. In trial 1, the broilers were allotted to five treatments (digestible lysine levels in conventional diets) and six replicates of seven broilers. In trial 2, the broilers were allotted to four treatments (digestible lysine levels in diet maintaining amino acid relation) and six replicates of seven broilers. In both trials, linear effect of digestible lysine levels on body weight gain and feed:gain ratio were observed. In trial 1, the increasing dietary digestible lysine levels increased linearly absolute carcass weight. There was no effect of lysine levels on relative carcass weights and on absolute and relative weichts of abdominal fat. In trial 2, absolute and relative breast and thigh weights increased linearly, while the absolute drumstick data increased quadraticly up to 0.955% digestible lysine level. No treatment effects on relative drumstick weight and absolute and relative weights of abdominal fat was observed. It was concluded that male broilers, Avian Farms, in the period from 22 to 42 days old, require at least 1.015 and 1.075% digestible lysine in conventional diet or in a diet maintaining the amino acid relation, respectively. This corresponds to an intake of 28 g digestible lysine for birds on a thermoneutral environment.

Desempenho de frangos de corte, digestibilidade de nutrientes e valores energéticos de rações formuladas com vários milhos, suplementadas com enzimas

Two assays were carried out to evaluate the broilers performance, nutrients digestibility and the energy values of diets formulated with corn from different varieties (Experiment 1) and regions (Experiment 2), supplemented with an enzymatic complex. In each assay, were used 480 male broilers Hubbard, 14 days old, grown from 14 to 27 days to evaluate performance. The broiler chickens fed an experimental diets in 6x2 factorial design (varieties x region), in four replicates of 10 broilers in each experimental unit. Each corn were mixed in a basal diet in a fixed amount of 63.24%, constituting the experimental diets. The crude protein and energy values changed according to corn composition. Chromic oxide (0.5%) was used as indicator. During the 23rd to 27th days, the excretas were collected and, in the 28th day, all broilers of each replicate were slaughtered and the digesta present in the last 30 cm of the terminal ileum, anterior to ileo-cecal junction, was collected. The samples of the excreta and ileal digesta were analyzed for dry matter, nitrogen, gross energy and starch, and the digestibility coefficients and energy values, were calculated using the indigestibility factor of chromic oxide. It was concluded that origen (varieties or regions) effected broiler performance; the nutrient digestibility and energy values of diets formulated with the corn type showed difference as a function of the chemical composition. The ileal digestibility of crude protein, starch and energy was improved in the diets supplemented with enzymes.

Adição de complexo multienzimático em dietas à base de soja extrusada e desempenho de pintos de corte

One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the addition of multienzymatic complex in diets with different quality of extruded full fat soybeans on the performance of broiler chicks. A total of 960 Avian Farms male broiler chicks were used from 1 to 21 days of age. The completely randomized experimental design utilized a 3 x 2 factorial treatment structure with three extruded full fat soybeans (under, standard and over processed) and two levels of multienzymatic complex addition (0.0 and 0.05%). Total of six treatments and eight replicates of 20 birds for experimental unit. The diets were formulated to contain corn end extruded full fat soybeans, with crude protein, lysine and methionine+cystine below recommended levels to facilitate detection of nutritional differences. The solubility values in KOH 0.2% and urease of the different extruded full fat soybeans they were respectively: under processed (91% and 0.5), standard (88% and 0.05) and over processed (66% and 0.005%). The multienzymatic complex was composed with celulase, amylase and protease. The birds and ration were weighted in the initial and final experimental phase to get weigh gain, feed intake and feed conversion. The addition of multienzymatic complex in diets contend extruded soybean with different processing improved weight gain in 3.8% and the feed conversion in 4.24%. The largest effect of addition was observed with birds fed under processed soybean, where weight gain and feed conversion improved by 4.64 and 5.0% respectively. Birds fed diets with standard extruded soybean, showed better performance when compared with birds fed with extruded soybean, under and over processed.

Valores de Energia Metabolizável de Farinhas de Penas e de Vísceras Determinados com Diferentes Níveis de Inclusão e Duas Idades das Aves 1

An experiment was carried out at Universidade Federal de Vicosa to determine the metabolizable energy values of different samples of feather meal and poultry by-product meal with different levels of inclusion and at different poultry ages. The ten treatments used to determine energy consisted of a reference diet and ten test diets, obtained with the replacement of reference diet by five levels (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) of feedstuffs. The metabolism trials (total fecal collection) were carried out in two periods (two poultry ages). The first period started when the chicks were 16 days old and the second one, with 30 days old. The feedstuffs energy values decreased as the inclusion level of test feed in the diet increased. The values of corrected apparent metabolizable energy of poultry offal meal mean were 3,442 and 3,209 kcal/kg and for feathers meal, 3,219 and 3,323 kcal/kg, when determined with chicks from 16 to 23 days and 30 to 38 days of age, respectively.

Influência do fornecimento de probiótico à base de Lactobacillus sp. Sobre a microbiota intestinal de leitões

Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar o efeito do fornecimento de um pool de Lactobacillus sp. de origem suina para leitoes nas fases de aleitamento e de creche sobre a contagem fecal de Lactobacillus, coliformes, Clostridium e Enterococcus. Foram analisadas 81 amostras fecais coletadas aos 7, 28 e 49 dias de idade, provenientes de leitoes distribuidos em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com tres tratamentos (A- racao controle, B- racao contendo promotor de crescimento e C- fornecimento diario de probiotico do 1o ao 49o dia de vida). O probiotico testado nao foi eficiente em alterar significativamente a microbiota intestinal dos animais (P>0,10); entretanto, os animais que o receberam por 49 dias obtiveram, numericamente, maior contagem de Lactobacillus e menor contagem de coliformes e Clostridium em relacao aos demais tratamentos, proporcionando, dessa forma, um maior desenvolvimento de microrganismos beneficos e inibindo os microrganismos patogenicos.

Níveis de lisina mantendo a relação aminoacídica para frangos de corte no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, em diferentes ambientes térmicos

Four hundred and eighty Ross broiler male, with initial weight of 43 ± 0.2 g, from 1 to 21 days of age, were allotted to an experimental design in 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, two environments (high temperature and thermal comfort) and four levels of total lysine (1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4%) with six replicates and ten birds/experimental unity. Feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) were higher in the thermoneutral environment, while the feed: gain ratio (F/G) and the efficiency of utilization of lysine were better at the high environmental temperature. At the thermal comfort environment, the WG and lysine intake increased with the dietary lysine levels in the diet and the efficiency of lysine utilization for WG linearly improved. At the high temperature environment, the lysine levels influenced the WG and lysine intake, which linearly increased, and also improved, in a linear response, the efficiency of lysine utilization for WG. The feed: gain ratio improved in a quadratic way up to the level of 1.29% of lysine. Despite of the linear response, the LRP model was the one that better fitted the WG data, estimating the lysine level in 1.24%, the plateau point. The high temperature environment negatively influenced WG and FI, even so improved the FC. Broilers from 1 to 21 days of age need 1.4 and 1.29% of total lysine, in thermal comfort and high temperature environments, respectively.

Fontes e níveis de metionina em dietas para frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two sources of methionine, DL-Methionine (DLM - 99%) and Methionine Hydroxy Analogue Free Acid (MHA-FA - 88%), at three different levels of supplementation of this amino acids in commercial diets on the performance of broiler chickens. A total of 1.232 commercial Ross broilers was used, from 01 to 47 days of age, and allotted to a complete randomized design in a 2 X 3 factorial (source methionine X supplementation level) arrangement and a additional diet (basal) without supplementation, with eight replications of 22 birds per experimental unit. The basal diet was supplemented with 50, 100 and 150% of MHA-FA or DL-methionine in equivalent amount of 65% of the amount of MHA-FA used. Feed intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio and production factor were determined. Within each supplementation level there were no significant differences between the diets containing 100 parts of MHA-FA and 65 parts of DL-methionine, except for the period of 01-10 days when there was significant difference for the weight gain at the lowest level of supplementation. In conclusion, 65 parts of DL-methionine is equivalent to 100 parts of MHA-FA.