Paulo Sérgio Growoski Fontoura

Aroma compounds produced by Kluyveromyces marxianus in solid state fermentation on a packed bed column bioreactor

Studies were carried out for the production of aroma compounds by Kluyveromyces marxianus grown on cassava bagasse in solid state fermentation using packed bed reactors, testing two different aeration rates. Respirometric analysis was used to follow the growth of the culture. Headspace analysis of the culture by gas chromatography showed the production of 11 compounds, out of which nine were identified. Ethyl acetate, ethanol and acetaldehyde were the major compounds produced. Lower aeration rate (0.06l h−1 g−1 of initial dry matter) increased total volatile (TV) production and the rate of production was also increased at this aeration rate. Using an aeration rate of 0.06l h−1 g−1 maximum TV concentrations were reached at 24 h and at 40 h with 0.12l h−1 g−1.

Chemical composition of Ulvaria oxysperma (Kützing) bliding, Ulva lactuca (Linnaeus) and Ulva fascita (Delile)

A composicao quimica de tres especies de Chlorophyta foi determinada. Ulva lactuca se desenvolve em Guaraquecaba e Ulva fasciata na Ilha do Mel, enquanto que Ulvaria oxysperma se desenvolve nos dois ecossistemas. Umidade (16-20%), cinzas (17-31%, base seca), proteinas (6-10%bs), lipideos (0,5-3.2%bs), fibras (3-12%bs) e carboidratos (46-72%bs) para U.oxysperma correspondeu a 192-270 kcal.100g-1 (base umida). U.lactuca (15-18%bs) e U.fasciata (13-16%bs) mostraram teores levemente maiores para a proteina, mas com conteudos energeticos similares (250-272 e 225-239 kcal.100g-1), respectivamente. As folhas in natura de U.lactuca e de U.fasciata eram mais rigidas do que as de U.oxysperma. Outras algas nativas apresentaram teores de proteinas maiores. Ulvaria sp pode ser cultivada sobre redes, sem apresentar competicao com outras algas ou acao significativa de predadores. Ulvaria sp cultivada apresentou composicao quimica similar ao da Ulvaria sp crescida sobre substratos naturais. E essencial escolher um local protegido da acao destrutiva da mare.

Factors affecting diazepam availability from intravenous admixture solutions

The authors studied the availability of parenteral solutions of diazepam in glass bottles or polyethylene (PE) containers during infusion through polyvinyl chloride (PVC) administration sets. Diazepam solutions in concentration of 1000 mg/500 ml in 0.9% sodium chloride (NS) and 5% glucose (G5W) injection were infused at a flow rate of 30 ml/h, and samples were taken from the bottle and at the end of the administration set, till 12 hours of infusion. The samples were tested in triplicate using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The greatest loss of diazepam was observed in all solutions at 30 minutes of infusion (63.5% G5W glass, 60.5% NS glass, 55% G5W PE and 58% NS PE from the original concentration of 200 micrograms/ml). The diazepam concentrations in the containers did not significantly changed. The loss of diazepam from solutions infused through PVC administration sets should be kept in mind in severe clinical situations as status epilepticus, tetanus and eclampsia.