Pedro Valdivia-Moral

Higher levels of self-reported sitting time is associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes independent of physical activity in Chile

Background Sitting behaviours have increased markedly during the last two decades in Chile. However, their associations with health outcomes such as diabetes have not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the independent association of self-reported sitting time with diabetes-related markers and diabetes prevalence in Chile. Methods This cross-sectional study included participants (aged ≥18 years) from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-10 (n = 4457). Fasting glucose and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured by standardized protocols. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) was determined using WHO criteria. Physical activity (PA) and time spent sitting were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Results The odds ratio for T2D was 1.10 [95% CI: 1.04-1.16, P = 0.002] and 1.08 [1.02-1.14, P = 0.002] per 1 h increase in sitting time in men and women, respectively, independent of age, education, smoking, BMI and total PA. Overall, prevalence of T2D was 10.2 and 17.2% in individuals classified in the lowest and highest categories of sitting time, respectively. No significant associations were found between sitting time and glucose or HbA1c. Conclusions Sitting time is positively associated with diabetes risk, independent of socio-demographic, obesity and PA levels, in the Chilean population.

AS MENINAS TAMBÉM QUEREM BRINCAR: A PARTICIPAÇÂO CONJUNTA DE MENINOS E MENINAS EM ATIVIDADES FÍSICAS NÄO ORGANIZADAS NO CONTEXTO ESCOLAR

We present a descriptive empirical study carried out with 250 pupils belonging to 6 th of Primary Education (EP), 130 girls and 120 boys, from four schools with different characteristics to which there is applied a survey of 10 questions with the aim of understanding the barriers that girls find when they are accomplishing physical activities (AF), during their leisure time out of school. The results show the difference of gender exists when practicing games and sport, though a change of conduct is taking place, since children and girls every time share more the accomplishment of physical and sports activities. The ways of playing and playing sports, are very interrelated with socio-cultural environment.

Coeducational Methodology Used by Physical Education Teachers and Students’ Perception of It

Background: In physical education (PE), the methodology used to develop coeducation must consider the tastes and preferences of students. The purpose of this work was to analyze how teachers work with different aspects of PE classes and how their work is perceived by students. Methods: The sample was formed of 176 teachers and 1136 secondary school students. The research design was descriptive. The instruments used were the Questionnaire of Coeducational Aspects in Physical Education for teachers and the Questionnaire of Perception of Equality and Discrimination in Physical Education for Students. Results: The different statistical analyses showed significant differences in how male and female teachers assigned responsibility to the students. With regard to the students, significant differences were found between boys and girls in their opinions of how their teachers apply the same rules to all the students. Conclusions: Differences exist between male and female teachers in regard to control of the area used for motor activity. With regard to the students, girls perceive to a greater extent than their male counterparts that the activities in PE classes promote equality in the improvement of their capacities.

No cumplir con las recomendaciones de actividad física se asocia a mayores niveles de obesidad, diabetes, hipertensión y síndrome metabólico en población chilena

BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is an important cardiovascular risk factor. AIM To investigate the association of physical inactivity with obesity, metabolic markers, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in Chilean adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants from the National Health Survey 2009-10 (n = 5,157) were included in this study. Body mass index, waist circumference, metabolic markers (blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile) were the outcomes. Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were determined using international criteria. Physical activity levels were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and physical inactivity was defined as < 600 METs/minutes/week. RESULTS Compared to their physically active peers, inactive men and women had a higher odds ratio (OR) for obesity (OR: 1.77 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.29-2.42], p < 0.01 and 1.25 [95% CI: 102-1.54], p < 0.035, respectively), diabetes (OR: 2.47 [1.80-3.38], p < 0.01 and 1.72 [1.35-2.19], p = 0.002, respectively) and hypertension (OR: 1.66 [1.31-2.09], p < 0.01 and 1.83 [1.54-2.18] respectively. An association of physical inactivity with central obesity and metabolic syndrome was observed only in men (OR: 1.92 [1.42- 2.58], p < 0.01 and 1.74 [1.23-2.47], p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Not meeting the physical activity recommendations is associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome, which are important cardiovascular risk factors.

Coeducational Methodology Used by Physical Education Teachers and Their Perception in Students

Background: In PE, the methodology used to develop coeducation must consider the tastes and preferences of students. The purpose of this work was to analyze how teachers work with different aspects of PE classes and how their work is perceived by students. Methods: The sample was formed by 176 teachers and 1,136 secondary school students. The research design was descriptive. The Questionnaire of Coeducational Aspects in Physical Education for teachers and the Questionnaire of Perception of Equality and Discrimination in Physical Education for Students. Results: The different statistical analyses showed significant differences in how male and female teachers assigned responsibility to the students and their control of motor activity space. In regards to the students, significant differences were found between boys and girls in their opinions of how their teachers apply the same rules to all the students. Conclusions: No differences exist between male and female teachers in regards to their utilization neither of materials and sexist language or in their evaluation and feedback given to the students. In regards to the students, girls perceive to a greater extent than their male counterparts that the activities in PE classes promote equality in the improvement of their capacities.

Efectos de la actividad física sobre la asociación entre obesidad y diabetes mellitus Tipo 2: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010

Background: Physical inactivity and obesity are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aim: To investigate whether if the association between obesity and diabetes is modified by levels of physical activity in the Chilean population. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study including 4,712 participants from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey. Diabetes was determined when participants referred having the disease or had a fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl. Physical activity level was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between diabetes, obesity and physical activity was determined using logistic regression analysis. Results: Compare to active and normal weight subjects (reference group), the risk for T2D was higher in active individuals with overweight (Odds ratio (OR): 2.85 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.76- 4.61] p < 0.01). The risk among inactive but normal weight participants (OR: 2.12 [95% CI: 1.49- 3.01], p < 0.01) was of lower magnitude and was even higher among inactive and overweight individuals (OR: 3.22 [95% CI: 2.10 – 4.93], p < 0.01). Similar results were found for obesity and central obesity. Conclusions: Individuals who are physically inactive and have a high adiposity level have an increased risk for T2D compared to active individuals with normal BMI.

Factores asociados a inactividad física en Chile: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 = Correlates of physical inactivity: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010

Background: Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To identify factors associated with physical inactivity in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Participants from the Chilean Health Survey (5,133 individuals) were included in this study. Physical activity was measured using the Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as < 600 MET. min.week−1 of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of physical inactivity. Results: The main finding of this study were that women (odds ratio (OR): 1.51 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.32-1.72]) were more likely to be inactive compared to men and that older adults were more likely to be inactive than their younger or middle age counterparts (OR: 3.06 [95% CI: 2.45-3.82]). Other correlates of physical inactivity were individuals with obesity (OR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.20-1.70]), diabetes (OR: 1.96 [95% CI: 1.61-2.38]), hypertension (OR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.50-1.97]), metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.42 [95% IC: 1.18-1.70]), a low education level (OR: 1.26 [95% CI: 1.06-1.49]) and higher levels of sedentary behavior (OR: 2.77 [95% CI: 2.36-3.25]). Conclusions: Women, older people and sedentary subjects with chronic non-transmissible conditions are at higher risk of being physically inactive.Background: Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To identify factors associated with physical inactivity in Chilean adults. Material and methods: Participants from the Chilean Health Survey (5,133 individuals) were included in this study. Physical activity was measured using the Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as <600 MET.min.week-1 of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of physical inactivity. Results: The main finding of this study were that women (odds ratio (OR): 1.51 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.32-1.72]) were more likely to be inactive compared to men and that older adults were more likely to be inactive than their younger or middle age counterparts (OR: 3.06 [95% CI: 2.45-3.82]). Other correlates of physical inactivity were individuals with obesity (OR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.20-1.70]), diabetes (OR: 1.96 [95% CI: 1.61-2.38]), hypertension (OR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.50-1.97]), metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.42 [95% IC: 1.18-1.70]), a low education level (OR: 1.26 [95% CI: 1.06-1.49]) and higher levels of sedentary behavior (OR: 2.77 [95% CI: 2.36-3.25]). Conclusions: Women, older people and sedentary subjects with chronic non-transmissible conditions are at higher risk of being physically inactive.

La Motivación y la Atención-Concentración en Futbolistas. Revisión de Estudios

The study of psychological variables leads to understand the relationship between sport performance and the sportsman. This study stress motivation and attention-concentration in the footballer. The aim is to depend the main scientific research on the two psychological skills. It is Review of primary and secondary sources such as articles, dissertations and books are used. The method used is the analysis and review of the literature. Several studies which analysed some of the psychological variables studied in this population are available. In conclusion, we can emphasize that psychological skills sport performance, and that the front and midfielders have a higher motivation than other players.

Efectos de la actividad física en la morfología de mujeres

Objective To analyze the effect of 12 weeks of physical activity on the morphology of the women enrolled in the Family Health Program in the city of Patos, Paraíba, Brazil. During these weeks, different physical activity programs were applied. Methods A quasi-experimental study, in which 28 women were analyzed. All were volunteers, aged between 42 and 56 years and divided into groups: G1 (n=15, recreational activities) and G2 (n=13, dance activities). For data analysis, the Student t-test for independent samples was used with a significance level of p<0.05. Results The comparison of body composition variables showed no difference between the two groups. However, when the pre- and post-exercise moments are compared, it is seen that the two different physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. Conclusion The results indicate that the applied physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. On the other hand, we consider that the comparison between a physical exercise program and recreational physical activity program and their effects on the morphology of women could be good.