Pertti Kokkonen

Cadmium and chromium as markers of smoking in human lung tissue.

The pulmonary cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) contents from 45 decreased persons from Northern Finland were determined by plasma emission spectrometry (DCP-AES). These subjects did not have any malignant diseases or known occupational exposure to heavy metals. The pulmonary metal concentrations were compared with smoking history, pulmonary emphysema, age, and occupation. The mean Cd concentrations for the nonsmokers, smokers, and exsmokers were 0.4 (SD +/- 0.4), 3.0 (SD +/- 2.2), and 1.1 (SD +/- 1.0) micrograms/dry wt, and the corresponding values for Cr were 1.3 (SD +/- 0.9), 4.3 (SD +/- 3.3), and 4.8 (SD +/- 4.0) micrograms/g dry wt, respectively. The pulmonary Cr content increased with age and smoking time, but showed no connection with occupation. The Cd content was dependent only on smoking-related variables, increasing with the amount of tobacco smoked. The pulmonary Cd was seen to return to the level of nonsmokers in 21-22 years after cessation of smoking, whereas Cr showed no decreasing tendency with the time since smoking stopped.

High concentrations of chromium in lung tissue from lung cancer patients.

The pulmonary chromium content was determined by plasma atomic emission spectrometer (DCP‐AES) from 53 lung cancer and 43 control patients, and compared with smoking habits, severity of emphysema and occupational history. The chromium content from the lung cancer patients was higher than that from the smoking (P < 0.025) or nonsmoking control patients (6.4 ± 4.3, 4.0 ± 4.0, and 2.2 ± 0.6 μg/g dry weight, respectively). A positive correlation between the pulmonary chromium and smoking time (P < 0.025) and the severity of emphysema (P < 0.001) was found in the control but not in the cancer patients. The difference in the pulmonary chromium content was greatest between those lung cancer and control patients who were light smokers or had mild emphysema. This group of lung cancer patients included subjects with occupational exposure to chromium. The possibility of occupational cancer should be considered especially with light smokers. The grade of emphysema and metals such as chromium accumulating from tobacco could serve as objective indicators of smoking.

Excess volumes and excess enthalpies of triethylamine + o-xylene, +m-xylene, and +p-xylene

Abstract Densities at 293.15, 303.15, 313.15, and 323.15 K and excess enthalpies at 293.15, 303.15, and 313.15 K have been measured for triethylamine + o-xylene, + m-xylene, and + p-xylene. The excess volumes VE are found to be negative and the values of VE decrease with increase of temperature. The excess enthalpies are positive with negative temperature coefficients.

Thermal decomposition of hydrated copper(II) 5-substituted salicylates

Abstract Trihydrates of copper(II) 5-chloro-, copper(II) 5-bromo-, and copper(II) 5-iodosalicylates and dihydrate of copper(II) 5-nitrosalicylate have been prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and IR studies. The thermal behaviour of these salicylate hydrates has been determined employing TG, DTG and DSC techniques. The decomposition reaction mechanism of these complexes was studied by analyzing the decomposition products with MS and IR spectroscopy. CuO has been detected as the final product in the decomposition processes.

Determination of sulfur anions by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Sulfite, sulfate, sulfide and thiosulfate ions are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography under acidic conditions on commercial low-capacity silica-based and resin-based anion-exchange columns with potassium hydrogenphthalate as the eluent. The ions are detected by using indirect ultraviolet absorption or conductivity detectors. The effects of concentration, pH and flow rate of the eluent on the retention times of sulfur anions are reported. The resin-based column is preferable to the silica-based column for separations of sulfur anions.

Kinetic and mechanistic studies on the decomposition of some hydrous iron(II) salicylato complexes

Abstract Hydrous iron(II) salicylate, iron(II) 5-chloro-, iron(II) 5-bromo-, iron(II) 5-iodo-, and iron(II) 5-nitrosalicylato complexes have been prepared and their mode of thermal decomposition investigated by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and mass spectrometry. The results show that the decomposition of the compounds occurs in three stages and the final product, at about 700–773 K, is Fe2O3 for all complexes. The kinetics and thermodynamics of the isothermal dehydration of the complexes were studied by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The dehydration process seems to follow most closely a phase boundary reaction mechanism.

Thermal decomposition of 8-hydroxyquinoline complexes with aluminium, cobalt, manganese and nickel

Abstract The conditions of thermal decomposition of aluminium(III), cobalt(II), manganese(II) and nickel(II) 8-hydroxyquinoline complexes have been studied by TG-DSC analysis. The thermal decomposition of these complexes has two stages: dehydration and loss of 8-hydroxyquinoline. The final solid product is an oxide.

Analysis of organic and inorganic sulfur constituents and 34S-isotopes in dated sediments of forest lakes in southern Finland

A modification of the Jonson-Nishita digestion-distillation apparatus was used to determine the S constituents of sediments from three forest lakes (Munajärvi, Orajärvi, and Sorvalampi) in southern Finland. Lakes Munajärvi and Orajarvi had undergone marked acidification during the past 30 yr or so presumably due to acid deposition as revealed from sedimentary diatom and chrysophycean remains. Organic S constituted a major part of the total S, and during the recent years the portion of C-bonded S increased in the Lakes Munajarvi and Sorvalampi more strongly than the portion of sulfate esters. In the case of Lake Orajärvi the concentration of total S increased by a factor of 2.3 from its preindustrial level which seems to be due to an increase of both C-bonded S and SO4−2. Coincidentally with the up core increase in total S, the sediment cores of Orajärvi and Munajarvi were strongly depleted of the 34S-isotope (r = −0.83 in Orajärvi n = 15, and r = − 0.84 in Munajärvi n = 10). This implies that the recent changes in sedimentary S are related to the increasing input of airborne pollutant S since about 1850 in Orajarvi and 1950 in Munajärvi provided that the 210Pb dating of the cores is correct and diagenetic changes have not greatly altered the vertical distribution of S in these sediments.

Excess enthalpies of (triethylamine + n-alkanone) at 303.15 and 313.15 K

Abstract Excess molar enthalpies of (triethylamine + n -alkanone) were measured at 303.15 and 313.15 K using an LKB flow microcalorimeter. The H m E s are positive with positive temperature coefficients.

Solid state decomposition studies of some metal(II)salicylato complexes

Abstract Divalent copper, iron, zinc, manganese and nickel salicylato, 5-chloro, 5-bromo, 5-iodo and 5-nitrosalicylato complexes have been prepared and their mode of thermal decomposition studied by thermogravimetry and mass spectrometry. The decomposition of the complexes occurs in three stages and the final product is metal oxide in each case.