Peter Biereichel

CRIRES: A High Resolution Infrared Spectrograph for ESO’s VLT

CRIRES is a cryogenic, pre-dispersed, infrared echelle spectrograph designed to provide a resolving power lambda/(Delta lambda) of 105 between 1 and 5mu m at the Nasmyth focus B of the 8m VLT unit telescope #1 (Antu). A curvature sensing adaptive optics system feed is used to minimize slit losses and to provide diffraction limited spatial resolution along the slit. A mosaic of 4 Aladdin~III InSb-arrays packaged on custom-fabricated ceramics boards has been developed. This provides for an effective 4096x512 pixel focal plane array, to maximize the free spectral range covered in each exposure. Insertion of gas cells to measure high precision radial velocities is foreseen. For measurement of circular polarization a Fresnel rhomb in combination with a Wollaston prism for magnetic Doppler imaging is foreseen. The implementation of full spectropolarimetry is under study. This is one result of a scientific workshop held at ESO in late 2003 to refine the science-case of CRIRES. Installation at the VLT is scheduled during the first half of 2005. Here we briefly recall the major design features of CRIRES and describe its current development status including a report of laboratory testing.

HAWK-I: the high-acuity wide-field K-band imager for the ESO Very Large Telescope

We describe the design, development, and performance of HAWK-I, the new High-Acuity Wide-field K-band Imager for ESO’s Very Large Telescope, which is equipped with a mosaic of four 2 k × 2 k arrays and operates from 0.9−2.4 μm over 7.5 � × 7.5 � with 0.1 �� pixels. A novel feature is the use of all reflective optics that, together with filters of excellent throughput and detectors of high quantum efficiency, has yielded an extremely high throughput. Commissioning and science verification observations have already delivered a variety of excellent and deep images that demonstrate its high scientific potential for addressing important astrophysical questions of current interest.

FLAMES: a multi-object fiber facility for the VLT

FLAMES is a fiber facility to be installed on the A platform of the VLT Kueyen telescope, which can feed up to three spectrographs with fibers positioned over a corrected 25 arcminutes field of view. The initial configuration will include connections to the GIRAFFE and to the red arm of the UVES spectrographs, the latter, located on the Nasmyth B platform of the same telescope, is already in operation as a long slit stand alone instrument. The 8 fibers to UVES will give R approximately 45000 and a large spectral coverage, while GIRAFFE will be fed by 132 single fibers, or by 15 deployable integral field units or by one central large integral unit. GIRAFFE will be equipped with two gratings, giving R equals 5000-9000 and R equals 15000-25000 respectively. It will be possible to obtain GIRAFFE and UVES observations simultaneously. Special attention is paid to optimizing night operations and to providing appropriate data reduction. The instrument is rather complex and it is now in the construction phase; in addition to ESO, its realization has required the collaboration of several institutes grouped in 4 consortia.

HAWK-I: A new wide-field 1- to 2.5-μm imager for the VLT

HAWK-I (High Acuity, Wide field K-band Imaging) is a 0.9 μm - 2.5 μm wide field near infrared imager designed to sample the best images delivered over a large field of 7.5 arcmin x 7.5 arcmin. HAWK-I is a cryogenic instrument to be installed on one of the Very Large Telescope Nasmyth foci. It employs a catadioptric design and the focal plane is equipped with a mosaic of four HAWAII 2 RG arrays. Two filter wheels allow to insert broad band and narrow band filters. The instrument is designed to remain compatible with an adaptive secondary system under study for the VLT.

HAWK-I: the new wide-field IR imager for the VLT

HAWK-I is a new wide-field infrared camera under development at ESO. With four Hawaii-2RG detectors, a 7.5 arcminute square field of view and 0.1 arcsecond pixels, it will be an optimum imager for the VLT, and a major enhancement to existing and future infrared capabilities at ESO. HAWK-I will eventually make use of ground-layer AO achieved through a deformable secondary mirror/laser guide star facility planned for the VLT.

MACAO-CRIRES: a step toward high-resolution spectroscopy

High resolution spectroscopy made an important step ahead 10 years ago, leading for example to the discovery of numerous exoplanets. But the IR did not benefit from this improvement until very recently. CRIRES will provide a dramatic improvement in the 1-5 micron region in this field. Adaptive optics will allow us increasing both flux and angular resolution on its spectra. This paper describes the adaptive optics of CRIRES, its main limitations, its main components, the principle of its calibration with an overview of the methods used and the very first results obtained since it is installed in the laboratory.

Preparing MIDI science operation at VLTI

MIDI (MID-infrared Interferometric instrument) gave its first N-band (8 to 13 micron) stellar interference fringes on the VLTI (Very Large Telescope Interferometer) at Cerro Paranal Observatory (Chile) in December 2002. An lot of work had to be done to transform it, from a successful physics experiment, into a premium science instrument which is offered to the worldwide community of astronomers since September 2003. The process of paranalization, carried out by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in collaboration with the MIDI consortium, has aimed to make MIDI simpler to use, more reliable, and more efficient. We describe in this paper these different aspects of paranalization (detailing the improvement brought to the observation software) and the lessons we have learnt. Some general rules, for bringing an interferometric instrument into routine operation in an observatory, can be drawn from the experience with MIDI. We also report our experience of the first service mode run of an interferometer (VLTI + MIDI) that took place in April 2004.

Installation and first results of FLAMES, the VLT multifibre facility

FLAMES is the VLT Fibre Facility, installed and being commissioned at the Nasmyth A of UT2 (Kueyen Telescope). FLAMES has been built and assembled at the VLT telescope in about 4 years through an international collaboration between 10 institutes in 6 countries and 3 continents. It had first light with the fibre link to the red arm of UVES on April 1, and with the GIRAFFE spectrograph on July 3. We have not yet enough data to compare the observed vs. expected astronomical performances, although these first data are encouraging in many respects. We aim at proceeding soon with the remaining tests

Infrared detector development programs for the VLT instruments at the European Southern Observatory

Instrument platforms like the VLT represent a new challenge to IR focal plane technology. Since the large telescope diameter and the improved image quality provided by adaptive optics reduce the pixel scale, larger array formats are needed. To meet this challenge ESO is participating in development programs for both InSb and HgCdTe large format arrays. To cover the spectral region of 1 to 5 micron ESO has funded a foundry run at SBRC to produce 1024 X 1024 InSb arrays, which will be installed in ISAAC, the IR Spectrometer and Array Camera built for the VLT. Since the delivery of the 1K X 1K InSb array is delayed, the test results obtained with a 256 X 256 InSb array and the application of off chip cryogenic amplifiers to InSb detectors will be discussed. Results obtained with a (lambda) c equals 2.5 micrometers Rockwell 1024 X 1024 HgCdTe array will be presented, where an off chip cryogenic operational amplifier was used yielding a rms read noise of 3 electrons. Sensitivity profiles of individual pixels have been measured with a single mode IR fiber. Limitations of PACE 1 technology, such as persistence, will be discussed. First results with the 1K X 1K array, which was installed in SOFI, an IR focal reducer providing 1-2.5 micron imaging and long slit grism spectroscopy at the NTT telescope, will be presented. Advanced techniques of real time image sharpening will also be included. An outlook to the development of (lambda) c equals 2048 X 2048 HgCdTe array formats will be given. The optical layout of NIRMOS, a multi-object spectrograph for the VLT telescope, is base don the availability of 2K X 2K HgCdTe arrays.

On-sky results of the adaptive optics MACAO for the new IR-spectrograph CRIRES at VLT

The adaptive optics MACAO has been implemented in 6 focii of the VLT observatory, in three different flavors. We present in this paper the results obtained during the commissioning of the last of these units, MACAO-CRIRES. CRIRES is a high-resolution spectrograph, which efficiency will be improved by a factor two at least for point-sources observations with a NGS brighter than R=15. During the commissioning, Strehl exceeding 60% have been observed with fair seeing conditions, and a general description of the performance of this curvature adaptive optics system is done.