Peter Spathelf

Adaptive Forest Management: A Prerequisite for Sustainable Forestry in the Face of Climate Change

Since Europe appears to be more affected by climate change than the global average, novel concepts for the adaptation of forest and forestry to future climate and site conditions are urgently needed in order to maintain a sustainable use of forest resources. In Central Europe, extreme weather events like heat waves, drought, and storms, which may increase in frequency and intensity, as well as raised activity of biotic agents, are thought to put a high level of disturbance pressure on forests. Based on recent studies and conceptual papers, we introduce a concept for adaptive forest management in Central Europe including various options for (1) perpetuation of forest structures, (2) active adaptation, and (3) passive adaptation. The feasibility of this concept in forest planning is discussed in light of examples from Bavaria (Germany) and southern Sweden.

Benefícios indiretos da floresta.

In the present work the methods for evaluating the social benefits of the forest are introduced. After discussions about the definition, the differences between the nations and the characteristics of the social benefits, the fundamental problems of evaluation and the advantages and disadvantages of the diferent methods are described. The last part deals with the present subsidies and context problems, adopted in Germany, in forest production.

Produção de madeira e casca verde por índice de sítio e espaçamento inicial de acácia-negra, Acacia mearnsii De Wild.

Normal 0 21 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 No presente trabalho, foram elaboradas tabelas de producao de madeira e casca verde para Acacia mearnsii . Com dados originados de parcelas temporarias e permanentes instaladas em diferentes espacamentos, distribuidas sobre toda a area de plantio desta especie, foram ajustadas equacoes de regressao que apresentaram um coeficiente de determinacao ajustado superior a 0,98 e um baixo erro padrao da estimativa em percentagem. Do estudo, resultaram cinco tabelas de producao por indice de sitio, estratificadas por espacamento inicial que contem o crescimento de altura dominante, diâmetro medio, altura media, area basal, volume com e sem-casca por hectare, peso de casca verde por hectare e incremento medio anual em volume com casca.

Crescimento de espécies nativas de uma Floresta Estacional Decidual/Ombrófila Mista do Rio Grande do Sul.

The tree species cauna-da-serra ( Ilex brevicuspis Reissek.), cocao ( Erythroxilum deciduum ), taruma-de-espinho ( Cytharexylum montevidense Sprenger) e capororoca ( Rapanea ferruginea (Ruiz & Pavon) Mez), native in the deciduous seasonal forest / dense tropical forest of Santa Maria were studied using a retrospective analysis. A stem analysis was performed of each species, measuring annual growth rings. Volume growth, commercial form factor and the annual percentual increment of commercial volume were analyzed according to growth at diameter at breast height. For modelling purposes 5 different equations were tested. It could be shown that a polynome of second degree was best adjusted to the growth of commercial volume and commercial form factor while annual percentual increment of commercial volume showed best fit with an exponential function. A significantly different accumulation of volume could be found concerning the different species which were studied. While taruma and cocao show a rapid accumulation in growth, cauna and capororoca grow more slowly. This is correlated with more cylindric stems in the case of taruma and cocao. The annual percentual increment of commercial volume moves between the range of more than 100% at the beginning of the growth process and below 10% at the end of the studied growth period.

Modelo de incremento para árvores singulares – Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez.

Sustainable forest management requires knowledge of forest stock and future growth of forests. In the forest sector growth models are used to predict the growth of trees, stands or forests. In heterogeneous uneven-aged forests of Rio Grande do Sul, models on an individual tree basis are appropriate. The present work was established to contribute to the formulation of growth models for one species of the seasonal deciduous forests of Rio Grande do Sul: Nectandra megapotamica . Sampling was realized in the district of Vale Veneto, near Santa Maria in the years of 1994 and 1997. Vegetation was classified into different successional stages and within these permanent sample plots (uap) were installed. In every sample plot the trees with diameter at breast height above 5 cm were identified, numerated and measured. Additionally, the sociological position and site parameters were estimated. In every uap individual basal area increment, basal area per ha and basal area larger (BAL), as competition indexes, were calculated. Then growth equations were established by using the ‘stepwise’ procedure. The general formulation of the model is: Increment (g/year) = f (dimension, competition, site). The best model for Nectandra megapotamica is: ICA = 0,002084 + 0,000001039 x DBH² - 0,0003498 x Degradation - 0,000375 x Sociological position - 0,00000904 x Soil stonyty - 0,0000103 x BAL.

Crescimento em altura de Pinus elliottii Engelm., na região de Piratini no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The objective of this work was to study the height growht of Pinus elliottii situated in the Piratini region (southeastern mountain range) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It was collected 16 dominant trees in different relief positions. The height/age data were adjusted using the function of RICHARDS (1959) with three coefficients and the growth trends were studied by covariance and graphycal analysis. The results showed that relief was not a good site indicator, because there were intersections of height curves of trees which grew at the same relief position. However, the site index curves were established individually for each group, wihch was formed by tree with the same growth trend,the results showed that these intersections only occur at younger ages and thus do not justify the establishment of another system of site index curves in the region.

Entwicklung eines Bestandesdichtekontrolldiagramms (density management diagram) als Entscheidungshilfe zur zielorientierten Steuerung des Wachstums vonPinus elliottii Engelm.-Beständen

ZusammenfassungZur Festlegung eines Durchforstungsprogramms fürPinus elliottii Engelm. wird ein Bestandesdichtekontrolldiagramm vorgestellt. Ein Bestandesdichtekontrolldiagramm beruht auf der Beziehung zwischen Durchmesser des Grundflächenmittelstammes und natürlicher maximaler Bestandesdichte. Es ermöglicht, die Baumzahl vor und nach einem Durchforstungseingriff von der Erstdurchforstung bis zur Endnutzung eines Bestandes zu bestimmen. Dazu müssen Zieldurchmesser, oberes sowie unteres Bestockungslimit (als Prozentwert des maximalen stand density index) festgelegt werden. Die Eingriffszeitpunkte werden durch die Einführung eines Höhenkurvenfächers bestimmt. Durchforstungs-und Endnutzungsvolumina werden über die Grundflächendifferenz vor und nach Eingriff, Höhe und Formzahl hergeleitet. Bei zwei Durchforstungseingriffen und der Endnutzung können im vorliegenden Beispiel 1151 m3 je ha genutzt werden. Bei den Durchforstungen ergibt sich im Vergleich zur undurchforsteten Kontrollfläche eine Verdoppelung des Durchmesserzuwachses bei flächenbezogenen Volumenzuwachsverlusten von ca. 15%.SummaryA density management diagram for scheduling thinning ofPinus elliottii Engelm. is presented, based on the relationship of mean diameter and natural maximum stand density. It allows to easily determine the stand densities before and after thinning from the first intervention until final harvest. Therefore, goal-diameter, upper and lower growing stock limit (as a percentage of maximum SDI) have to be determined. The timing of thinnings can be specified by introducing site height curves. Thinning volumes are calculated with the aid of basal area before and after thinning, height and form factor. In the present example (two thinnings and final harvest) 1,151 m3 per ha can be cut. Thinnings lead to a doubled diameter increment but losses in volume increment of about 15 % in comparison to the unthinned control plot.

Adaptive measures: integrating adaptive forest management and forest landscape restoration

Key message Adaptive Forest Management and Forest Landscape Restoration do not contradict – ecosystem integrity and health are benefits and central goals in both concepts, and thus can be integrated. The Adaptive Measures concept can be helpful in streamlining and focusing existing concepts on forest adaptation and restoration as well as to help forest restoration to focusmore on the ability of ecosystems to selforganize in the future and to adapt to changing environmental conditions instead of attempting to restore to a previous historical state.There is an urgent need to consider novel or no-analogue ecosystems to potentially provide the best mix of ecosystem services in the future under uncertainty.

Sustainable Forest Management in the Tropics – Still a Long Way to Go?

Deforestation in tropical countries is still an important issue for many countries with significant forest areas in these regions. In times of serious discussion about climate change and global warming, public interest in this topic is very high. One of the solutions to the problem of deforestation activities is to use forests in a sustainable way, but a great deal of research is still needed before realize sustainable forest management in tropical rainforests is possible. This chapter starts with a discussion of the technical terms often used in connection with silviculture in the tropics. It then continues by giving an overview about the principles of existing management systems and then evaluates these in relation to their impact on sustainability. Finally, in a case study of the Amazon region, the impact of a commonly used reduced-impact logging system is presented and evaluated by examining its impact on economic and ecological sustainability.

Avaliação econômica da recuperação de áreas mineradas na empresa Copelmi Mineração S.A., Butiá, RS, Brasil

On the base of an inventory three economical criteria (Internal Rate of Return, Net Present Value and Benefit Cost Ratio) were calculated to analyze the economic results of plantations of Acacia mearnsii and Pinus sp and a grass cover on degraded areas in Mina de Recreio (COPELMI Mineracao S.A), in Butia, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The plantation of Acacia mearnsii with a rotation age of 5 years was found as the economically optimal variant.