Petr Soukup

Věcná významnost výsledků a její možnosti měření

Substantive significance and its measures Abstract: In this article it is argued that one of the main problems in data analysis is an over-emphasis on statistical rather than substantive significance. Statistical significance reports the improbability of specific outcomes from sample data using a null hypothesis. In contrast, sub- stantive significance is concerned with the real-world meaning of data modelling results for a population, regardless of p value, where an effect size estimator is used for evaluation. The argument presented in this ar- ticle begins with a consideration of how substantive significance may be defined. Thereafter, there is a summary of the literature on substantive significance and its measurement using a variety of effect size estimators, many of which are little known to researchers. This article also exami- nes the topics of economic and clinical significance. In the conclusion, this study discusses attempts to synthesise different concepts of substantive significance and recommends some practical usage of these concepts.

Classroom Collective Moral Disengagement Scale: Validation in Czech adolescents

Abstract Moral disengagement (MD) provides a fruitful framework for understanding how adolescents could attenuate moral self-regulation and behave aggressively. While measures of individual MD have a long tradition, only recently have Gini, Pozzoli, and Bussey developed an instrument measuring collective MD (CMD): Classroom Collective Moral Disengagement Scale (CCMDS). The present study examined psychometric properties of a Czech version of the scale with a sample of 662 adolescents, aged 11–15, from 20 randomly selected elementary schools. Participants completed the scale and a peer-rating measure of bullying, victimization, and defending. The analyses indicated that the CCMDS could be considered a unidimensional gender-invariant scale with very good internal consistency and criterion validity. Importantly, the scale score aggregated at the classroom level was associated with three bullying behaviors: bullying, victimization, and defending. The results support the use of the CCMDS as a promising measure of CMD.

The relationship of obesity to the timing of permanent tooth emergence in Czech children

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of BMI on the timing of permanent tooth emergence in Czech children. Objectives: In this cross-sectional study, 1370 Czech children were examined. The age, gender, weight, height, all emerged permanent teeth (except third molars) of each child were all recorded. A tooth is defined as having emerged when at least any part of it has penetrated the gingiva. Methods: A logistic regression model was used to calculate the median emergence age per tooth for both genders separately and BMI was used as a factor variable to detect statistically significant differences in the times of tooth emergence within pairs of BMI groups. The data were statistically processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results: Statistically significant differences were found for the following permanent teeth (using the FDI two-digit system): 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 33, 35, 37, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27 for girls and 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 41, 43, 44, 45, 22, 25, 32, 34, 35, 36 for boys. These teeth were observed to emerge earlier in obese children. A similar correlation (although not statistically significant) was observed between the time of emergence of the remaining teeth and the BMI of the child. Conclusion: The data in this research highlight significant differences in emergence times of permanent teeth due to the influence of BMI in Czech children. These findings are important for dental treatment planning.