Philippe Forêt

New Qing Imperial History : the Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde

Part 1: Chengde as Inner Asian Capital Part 2: Rituals of Empire Part 3: The Emperors Many Faces Part 4: Voices from Chengde

Globalizing Macau: The emotional costs of modernity

This chapter deals with the ambiguity that political authorities feel toward culture and history when they are pressed to enlarge and modernize urban infrastructures. I will discuss the strategy followed by the Harbour Works Department of Macau as the city sought to reposition itself as an international trade centre. I examine Macaus spatial transformation between 1910, when a progressive regime came to power in Lisbon, and 1930, when the first extension phase of the Porto Exterior facilities was completed.

The Manchu Landscape Enterprise: Political, Geomantic and Cosmological Readings of the Gardens of the Bishu Shanzhuang Imperial Residence At Chengde

en the Manchu established the Qing empire on both sides of the Great Wall Wof China, they modified the landscape of the region of Jehol, north of Peking, which the Ming dynasty ( 1368-1644) had emptied of its local population (Figure 1). Before 1703, Chengde resembled the other imperial camps that the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) had established injehol.’ Between 1703 and 1792 the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors transformed this camp into the summer capital of the dynasty in order to concretize claims to political legitimacy.2 The newly created landscape of Chengde integrated visual symbols which made reference to significant places in the

The intended perception of the Imperial Gardens of Chengde in 1780

Abstract From Gold Mountain (Jin Shan) a vein in the earth broke through, and from the hot water was fOlmed a spring [Rehe river spring]. The clouds [of steam] forever filling the valley, the stones and pools tum green. Grass grows luxuriantly everywhere, and there is no fear that harm will come to ones fields or home. The wind is pure, and the summers are cool, easily suiting and nourishing people .... Then there is this place, Rehe (Chengde). The road is close to the capital (Beijing), and to go back and forth takes less than two days. The land is spread out, wild and untilled. If you fill your mind with it, a myriad cares calmot but be driven away. When from here (Bi Shu Shan Zhuang) you weigh the appearance of high and low, far and near, the views of the mountains and peaks open themselves up before you. If you make your abode by a pine tree, the colors of the uneven riverbank (Rehe river) appear strikingly. If you lead water down to the pavilions, the fragrance of the hazelnut trees fills the valley...

Enquéte Sociologique sur la Chine, 1911–1949HUA Linshan and Isabelle THIREAU, Enqué Sociologique sur la Chine, 1911–1949. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 1996. x + 318 pp., with bibliography and index. ISBN: 2–13–047748–8 (pbk). Price: FF148.00.

modem society based on the division of labor. The most important reforms are described in Chapter 4. The topic of the next three chapters is individual enterprises. Four different, but interrelated, fields of activity are examined: market entry for products, supply and sales, finance. internal organization and labor policies. In Chapter 5 , it is shown how the vertical ties of the socialist system are converted into production structures, and new ties such as mergers, joint ventures, etc. are emerging. Chapter 6 , dealing with labor issues, is the most exciting one. Chinese managers are faced with one major conflict, namely how to make the state-owned enterprise profitable and at the same time contribute to the overall stability of Chinese society. In Chapter 7 the findings are summarized and interpreted. While the old principles of the planned economy have been changed in regard to the internal organization of the state-owned enterprises, this does not mean the automatic introduction of the rationality of the market economy. Theory and reality diverge greatly. To the extent that the daiiwei concept is no longer needed to prove the superiority of socialism, it has become part of a differentiation process with a logic and institutional problems of its own. Because politics still monopolizes the definition of and control over social development, the role of the dnnwei as a basic social institution has started to erode before the state-owned enterprises have managed to transform themselves into autonomous economic actors. This book is a thorough and comprehensive description, from a social science perspective, of the Chinese state-owned enterprises and their development under the economic reform. Although the number of investigated enterprises is rather small, and the interviews were concluded in 1993, the observations are still valid and of topical interest. The presentation of the subject matter is very clear, and will be helpful, not only to China specialists, but also to others who wish to gain a more profound understanding of Chinese state-owned enterprises.