Preston L. Carter

An institutional experience with laparoscopic gastric bypass complications seen in the first year compared with open gastric bypass complications during the same period

BACKGROUND Complication rates for laparoscopic bariatric surgery remain in evolution. METHODS Single institution review of the initial years experience with laparoscopic gastric bypass compared with open gastric bypass complications for the same period. RESULTS There were 20 laparoscopic and 52 open gastric bypass procedures. Five laparoscopic patients had major complications. There were 4 anastomotic leaks. Nine open bypass patients had major complications, with 2 leaks. Leak rate was 20% for the laparoscopic group and 4% for the open group. All leaks in both groups led to substantial morbidity. There were two deaths, one in each group. The laparoscopic death was from postleak sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Gastric bypass, whether done open or laparoscopically, has significant surgical risk. Complication profiles differed between the two groups. Anastomotic leaks were significantly more frequent in the laparoscopic group, probably related to the learning curve. There is a continued need for open surgery in many bariatric patients.

Sepsis from sinusitis in nasotracheally intubated patients. A diagnostic dilemma.

The cause of sepsis in the intensive care unit patient can be a perplexing diagnostic problem. We have recently encountered seven patients who had sepsis associated with sinusitis of the paranasal sinuses. They represented 26 percent of all patients who had nasotracheal intubation for 5 days or more. Sinusitis as a complication of nasotracheal intubation has been previously reported, but its frequency has not been appreciated. Three case reports are presented to emphasize the importance of making this diagnosis. Standard x-ray studies will not adequately demonstrate all the paranasal sinuses. We have utilized computerized tomography to study these patients and found it to clearly demonstrate all the paranasal sinuses. We suggest a plan to help prevent sinusitis from nasotracheal intubation. Should this complication occur, however, the nasotracheal tube should be removed and the sinuses surgically drained or treated aggressively with topical agents.

Atypical hyperplasia in the era of stereotactic core needle biopsy.

Background and Objectives: To characterize both atypical hyperplasia (AH) and the malignancies typically present at open surgical biopsy in women diagnosed with AH by stereotactic core needle biopsy (SCNB).

Stereotactic breast biopsy is accurate, minimally invasive, and cost effective

BACKGROUND We reviewed our experience with stereotactic core needle breast biopsy (SCNBB) for accuracy, complication rate, and staging profile of malignancies diagnosed. METHODS Since March 1993, 530 stereotactic biopsies were performed. Of these, 25 cases underwent stereotactic core needle biopsy with subsequent wire-guided biopsy. RESULTS In 25 patients with stereotactic and open biopsy, there was an accuracy for SCNBB of 96%. The number of biopsies rose from 100 to 250 biopsies annually, with an equivalent pre-test positive predictive value for mammography (17% to 19% historical versus 20% with SCNBB). The total number of de novo cancer diagnoses have increased from a mean of 57 to a mean of 71 annually. The percentage of tumors in situ, stage I or stage II, has increased from 60% to 69%. CONCLUSIONS Stereotactic core needle biopsy combines a high accuracy with a low complication rate. Its aggressive application for tissue diagnosis in suspicious nonpalpable mammographic lesions has increased the proportion of early (in situ and T1 or T2) tumors discovered, and increased the total number of breast cancers diagnosed.

Predictive value of intraoperative touch preparation analysis of sentinel lymph nodes for axillary metastasis in breast cancer

BACKGROUND Accurate intraoperative diagnosis of axillary malignancy facilitates completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) at the time of initial surgery. The capability to address both the primary tumor and axillary disease in a single procedure offers several advantages. This study was designed to define the predictive value of intraoperative touch preparation analysis of sentinel lymph nodes for axillary metastasis in breast cancer and to evaluate the ability of the technique to facilitate accurate synchronous ALND. METHODS A consecutive cohort of patients with breast cancer at an Army medical center underwent intraoperative touch preparation analysis of sentinel lymph nodes concordant with initial excision. Those found to have sentinel nodes positive by touch preparation analysis underwent ALND at the initial procedure. Patients with negative sentinel nodes by touch preparation analysis, but positive by final pathology, underwent subsequent ALND. Results of the touch preparation analysis were compared with the final pathology. RESULTS Over a 16-month period, 71 consecutive patients with breast cancer underwent initial excision and touch preparation analysis of 162 sentinel lymph nodes. Final pathology confirmed axillary metastasis in 32% (23 of 71) of patients. Of these, intraoperative touch preparation analysis identified 48% (11 of 23). There were no false positives or unnecessary axillary dissections based upon touch preparation results. Per sentinel node, the positive predictive value was 100%, the sensitivity was 47%, and the specificity was 100%. On a per patient basis, the positive predictive value was 100%, and the sensitivity and specificity were 48% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative touch preparation analysis is an effective adjunct to sentinel lymph node biopsy. In our series, it facilitated a definitive cancer operation at the time of initial surgery in nearly 50% of patients, and ensured that no patient underwent an unnecessary axillary dissection.

Air gun injuries in children

Air gun injuries occur frequently in children and are potentially lethal. Three cases of air gun injuries in children are described. Two children sustained air gun injuries to the neck that penetrated the platysma. Each had exploration of the wound. One had injury to the esophagus that was treated with external drainage; the other sustained no major injury to vital cervical structures. A third child received a penetrating injury to her right flank that did not appear to enter the peritoneal cavity. She was observed for 24 hours and released. After a six-month followup, all patients have remained free of complications. The emergency physician should be aware of the penetrating capabilities of these weapons, and they should be managed as would any other low-velocity gunshot wound.

The life and legacy of William T. Bovie.

This Historians Address, presented at the North Pacific Surgical Association 2012 meeting, held in Spokane, Washington, on November 9, 2012, briefly reviews the life and surgical contributions of the inventor William T. Bovie and his collaboration with Dr Harvey Cushing, which led to the widespread acceptance of surgical electrocautery for dissection and hemostasis.

Early results after introduction of biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch at a military bariatric center

BACKGROUND Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) is one of the most effective procedures in terms of weight loss and durability. It is also one of the most complex and highest risk bariatric procedures. The authors report their initial experience with BPD/DS. METHODS A retrospective review of all patients undergoing BPD/DS was performed, including a descriptive analysis of demographics, operative data, complications, and outcomes. Results were also compared with those among a group of 100 patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB). RESULTS Forty-three patients were identified. Mean preoperative body mass index was 52 kg/m(2), and 56% of patients had body mass indexes > 50 kg/m(2). Twenty (47%) were attempted laparoscopically, with 5 (25%) requiring conversion to open approach. Overall mean operative time was 269 minutes, with no significant difference between laparoscopic (256 minutes) and open (280 minutes). No major intraoperative complications occurred. Major postoperative complications included 4 gastric sleeve leaks, 2 small bowel obstructions, 1 intra-abdominal hemorrhage, and 1 duodenal stump leak. There was 1 death. Mean percentage excess body weight loss was 85% at 1 year. No patients developed severe malabsorptive symptoms or evidence of protein malnutrition. BPD/DS was associated with longer operative times and higher complication rates (P < .05 for both) compared with LGB but had significantly greater weight loss at 1 year (P < .05). CONCLUSION BPD/DS is a complex procedure associated with increased operative times, increased risk for conversion from laparoscopic to open approach, and higher postoperative complication rates. However, it results in significantly greater weight loss than LGB without major adverse nutritional impact.

Use of critical care resources after laparoscopic gastric bypass: effect on respiratory complications

BACKGROUND Before 2005, all subjects undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass with a body mass index >50 kg/m(2), age >40 years, and documented obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in our institution. Starting in January 2005, only patients with a body mass index >60 kg/m(2) and severe OSA were admitted. This study assessed the incidence of respiratory complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass before and after implementation of the new ICU admission criteria. METHODS The records of the laparoscopic gastric bypass patients who had undergone laparoscopic gastric bypass from January 2004 to December 2005 were reviewed regarding demographic data (age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification); OSA; use of home continuous positive airway pressure; length of stay in postanesthesia care unit, ICU, and hospital; postoperative ventilation and hypoxemia (oxygen saturation <90%), and unplanned ICU admission. RESULTS A total of 250 charts were analyzed (122 from 2004 and 128 from 2005). The demographic data were comparable between the 2 groups. Although OSA was more frequent in the 2004 than in the 2005 cohort (P = .02), the incidence of OSA requiring home continuous positive airway pressure was comparable (P = .47). The length of hospital stay was greater in 2004 than in 2005 (P = .003). More patients were admitted to the ICU in 2004 (P <.001). All unplanned ICU admissions were because of surgical anastomotic/staple line leaks (7 patients in 2004 versus 0 in 2005; P = .006). Overall, the incidence of postoperative respiratory complications was low (6% in 2004 and 4% in 2005) and comparable in both groups. CONCLUSION Limiting ICU admission after laparoscopic gastric bypass to patients with a body mass index >60 kg/m(2) and severe OSA did not increase the overall incidence of postoperative respiratory complications or hospital stay.

Pressure tolerance of newly constructed staple lines in sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switch.

BACKGROUND Many bariatric surgeons elect to pressure test the newly constructed staple lines in sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switch procedures as a means of intraoperatively detecting leaks. The pressure tolerance of these fresh staple lines has not been well studied in a clinical setting. METHODS This is a retrospective institutional review board-approved study that analyzed resected stomachs immediately after resection during a bariatric operation performed using sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Resected stomachs were connected to a normal saline infusion and manometric pressure device for determining the maximum stomach capacity, the leak pressure, and the location of the first leak. RESULTS Thirty patients (9 underwent biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch and 21 underwent sleeve gastrectomy) met the inclusion criteria (mean age of 44.7 years, 63.3% female) with a mean body mass index of 44.1 that was higher with biliopancreatic diversion (51.3 vs 41.0, P = .001) and a mean weight loss of 83 lb (a body mass index decrease of 13.4; median follow-up, 307 days). The leak volume of the resected stomach averaged 1,478 mL (range 1,100 to 2,200) with an average pressure of 25.6 cm H2O (range 12 to 60). The volume and leak pressures were equivalent despite the operative approach (P = .79 and .32, respectively), and there was no difference in the location of the leak (staple line or intrinsic stomach) based on volume or pressure (P = .246 and .131, respectively), with 50% of leaks occurring on the staple lines. CONCLUSIONS The fresh staple lines in vertical sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switch show burst strength well in excess of any intragastric pressures likely to be created by brief intraoperative leak checks via air instilled by an orogastric tube or intraoperative endoscopy. Leak testing is not likely to create iatrogenic damage to properly constructed fresh staple lines in these procedures.