Puspo Edi Giriwono

Vitamin K suppresses the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultured macrophage-like cells via the inhibition of the activation of nuclear factor κB through the repression of IKKα/β phosphorylation

Vitamin K is essential for blood coagulation and bone metabolism in mammals. This vitamin functions as a cofactor in the posttranslational synthesis of γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) from glutamic acid residues. However, other functions of vitamin K have been reported recently. We previously found that vitamin K suppresses the inflammatory reaction induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats and human macrophage-like THP-1 cells. In this study, we further investigated the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin K by using cultures of LPS-treated human- and mouse-derived cells. All the vitamin K analogues analyzed in our study exhibited varied levels of anti-inflammatory activity. The isoprenyl side chain structures, except geranylgeraniol, of these analogues did not show such activity; warfarin did not interfere with this activity. The results of our study suggest that the 2-methyl-1,4-naphtoquinone ring structure contributes to express the anti-inflammatory activity, which is independent of the Gla formation activity of vitamin K. Furthermore, menaquinone-4, a form of vitamin K₂, reduced the activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and inhibited the phosphorylation of IKKα/β after treatment of cells with LPS. These results clearly show that the anti-inflammatory activity of vitamin K is mediated via the inactivation of the NFκB signaling pathway.

Fermented barley extract supplementation maintained antioxidative defense suppressing lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory liver injury in rats.

Utilizing phytochemicals in treating inflammation is becoming a viable alternative to pharmacological treatment. We have reported that fermented barley extract (FBE) effectively suppresses oxidative stress in chronically ethanol-fed rats. Here we report that FBE suppressed acute increases in oxidative stress as a response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Rats supplemented with FBE for 10 d showed decreases in plasma interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α by 25%, 34%, and 35% respectively after LPS challenge. Liver damage was significantly suppressed, as marked by a 44% decrease in plasma alanine aminotransferase. FBE supplementation sustained liver anti-oxidative enzymes, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, at transcriptional and enzymatic levels, thus suppressing oxidative stress markers such as plasma nitric oxide and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, by 42% and 23% respectively. We concluded that active compounds in FBE effectively inhibited the propagation of inflammation by suppressing oxidative stress.

HPLC-based metabolomics to identify cytotoxic compounds from Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng against human breast cancer MCF-7Cells

The objective of this study was to identify the active compounds in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng which play a role to inhibit viability of breast cancer MCF-7 cells using HPLC-based metabolomics approach. Five fractions of the plant extract were observed including ethanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water fraction. There were 45 HPLC chromatograms resulted from 5 fractions with 3 replications and 3 wavelengths detection. The chromatograms were compared to the data of IC50 from MTT assay of each fraction against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells using metabolomics. The OPLS analysis result promptly pointed towards a chloroform fraction at retention time of 40.16-41.28min that has the greatest contribution to the cytotoxic activity. The data of mass spectra indicated that an abietane diterpene namely 7-acetoxy-6-hydroxyroyleanone was the main compound that contributed to the cytotoxic activity. This metabolomics application method can be used as a quick preliminary guideline to uncover the most dominant compound related to the bioactivity.

Fermented barley extract supplementation ameliorates metabolic state in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

We studied the effects of fermented barley extract P (FBEP) in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Male 10-week-old SHRSP were divided into three groups that were fed: an AIN-93M diet (control), a low dose of FBEP (4 g/kg; FBEP1), and a high dose of FBEP (20 g/kg; FBEP2) for three weeks. Hypertension was significantly improved by the use of FBEP supplementation. The FBEP diet improved plasma triglyceride, insulin sensitivity, enhanced plasma catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities, and decreased plasma 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels. In addition, the FBEP diet upregulated hepatic antioxidative genes and modulated Nrf2 protein levels in the liver. Furthermore, a single oral dose of FBEP (2 g/kg body weight) was able to lower blood pressure in SHRSP. In conclusion, our data suggest that increased expression of hepatic antioxidative genes and modulation of Nrf2 may play a role in the regulation of metabolic diseases in SHRSP consuming a FBEP diet. Graphical Abstract Chronic administration of fermented barley extract significantly reduces systolic blood pressure in SHRSP.

Processed and ultraprocessed food consumption pattern in the Jakarta Individual Food Consumption Survey 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dietary patterns are undergoing a major shift worldwide. This study analysed the consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods in Jakarta and its contribution to the energy and nutrient intake based on the Individual Food Consumption Survey 2014. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN Food consumption data were based on 24-hour dietary recall. Foods were grouped into four food groups: nonprocessed foods, processed ingredients, processed foods, and ultraprocessed foods and subsequently categorised according to the Indonesian Food Category System. Energy and nutrient intake were calculated using Nutrisurvey 2007 software. RESULTS Nonprocessed food, processed ingredient, processed food, and ultraprocessed food consumption contributed to 57.2%, 21.6%, 1.7%, and 19.5% of total weight consumption, respectively. Ultraprocessed foods contributed to 15.7%, 16.7%, 14.2%, 12.6%, 18.4%, and 31.3% of daily energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, sodium, and sucrose intake, respectively, and the respective contributions of nonprocessed foods were 52.2%, 58.7%, 65.8%, 32.6%, 7.9%, and 11.1%; of processed ingredients were 30.0%, 22.7%, 16.4%, 53.6%, 68.9%, and 57.6%; and of processed foods were 2.1%, 2.0%, 3.6%, 1.2%, 4.8%, and 0%. Linear regression analysis between the amount of food consumption and nutrient intake showed that at the same weight consumption, processed ingredients provided a higher intake of energy, fat, sodium, and sucrose than the other food groups. CONCLUSIONS Processed and ultraprocessed foods still have a lower contribution to energy and nutrient intake in Jakarta than nonprocessed foods and processed ingredients.

Critical roasting level determines bioactive content and antioxidant activity of Robusta coffee beans

Indonesian Lampung Robusta coffee green beans were roasted at eight roasting levels (green bean, early yellow, brown, 1st crack done, very light, light, medium, and dark), followed by grinding and brewing. The physical properties of ground coffee and chemical properties of brewed coffee were analyzed. The resulting data were mapped in order to investigate the critical roasting level. It was observed that major alterations for physicochemical properties of coffee happened after “first crack” roasting level (when water activity (Aw) of bean decreased from 0.22 to 0.15). This cracking is defined as popping sound of the bean during roasting. Continuous formation of melanoidins under low Aw (< 0.15) was followed by slow degradation of chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and total phenolic compounds. Caffeine was stable during roasting, while antioxidant activity slightly decreased. The “first crack” was determined to be the critical roasting level to produce roasted coffee beans containing high concentrations of phenolics.

A novel function of geranylgeraniol in regulating testosterone production

Abstract Isoprenoids play widely differing roles in various physiological processes in animals and plants. Geranylgeraniol (GGOH) is an isoprenoid found in plants, and is an important metabolic derivative in the isoprenoid/cholesterol synthesis pathway. Earlier studies focused on GGOH’s ability to improve the side effects of bisphosphonate therapy by regulating the mevalonate pathway. More recently, the mevalonate pathway-independent effects of GGOH have been described, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and neuroprotective activities. It is noteworthy that GGOH regulates the steroidogenesis pathway in testis-derived I-10 tumor cells. Testosterone is a hormone produced via steroidogenesis in testicles and plays a role in fetal development and the male reproductive system. GGOH enhanced testosterone and progesterone (its precursor) levels in I-10 cells by activating adenylate cyclase via cAMP/PKA signaling, without altering phosphodiesterase activity. These findings highlight the potential benefits of GGOH as a therapeutic agent for low testosterone levels, such as late-onset hypogonadism in men. Geranylgeraniol enhances testosterone production.

CONSUMPTION OF CARBONATED BEVERAGES AND THE RISK FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

ABSTRACT Issues of different effects of carbonated soft drinks to human health have been circulated and analyzed in both scientific and non-scientific approaches. However, there is few publications discussing the specific effect of carbonation on human health and, more often than not, studies have largely concentrated on the effect of sugar or calorie content in carbonated beverages in affecting our health. Thus the effect of carbonation itself on human health is then lost in arguments contradicting or reaffirming the effect of carbonated soft drinks. We conducted this systematic review to specifically observe current findings on the effect of carbonation in beverages on human health. This systematic review was conducted using Scirus search engine to list articles relevant with keywords such as CO2, carbonated beverage, carbonation, sparkling water, gastrointestinal, gastro-esophageal and adenocarcinoma. Next, articles were obtained from numerous databases and screened for their relevance and context. Finally, peer reading and discussion were conducted for the writing of this article. The results of this systematic review observed three major article subjects currently correlated with exclusive effect of carbonation on gastrointestinal health. Published studies indicate that oral cavity/dental health, gastro-esophageal reflux and most recently esophageal adenocarcinoma are discussed frequently and observed in population studies in different countries consuming significant quantities of carbonated beverages. Eight articles (40%) discussed dominant factors not correlated with carbonation which significantly affect dental erosions. Six (33%) articles observed no clear clinical significance carbonation promotes or exacerbate gastro-esophageal reflux. Interestingly, five (27%) articles reported insignificant correlation, even inversed, of carbonation on esophageal carcinoma.Currently available scientific studies on populations in multiple countries show that the effect of carbonation in beverages has non-significant (statistically) effect on the health of the gastrointestinal tract. Keywords: Carbonated beverages, gastrointestinal, GERD, esophageal adenocarcinoma * ABSTRAK Isu mengenai dampak karbonasi pada minuman ringan terhadap kesehatan, terutama kesehatan saluran pencernaan, telah banyak beredar beserta pembahasannya, baik secara ilmiah maupun tidak. Efek kesehatan dari unsur karbonasi pada minuman ringan sangat jarang dibahas dan dipublikasikan pada jurnal ilmiah. Melakukan systematic review status ilmiah terkini khusus mengenai dampak karbonasi dalam berbagai produk minuman terhadap kesehatan saluran pencernaan. Scirus search engine digunakan untuk melacak artikel ilmiah dengan kata kunci khusus, yakni CO2, carbonated beverage, carbonation, sparkling water, gastrointestinal, gastro-esophageal and adenocarcinoma. Tahap ini dilanjutkan dengan penapisan (screening) untuk kesesuaian subjek artikel dan akses. Tahap terakhir adalah focus group discussion bersama peer/ahli dalam bidang gizi, kesehatan dan keamanan pangan. Hasil dari systematic review memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat tiga kelompok pembahasan utama yang berhubungan dengan efek karbonasi terhadap kesehatan saluran pencernaan, yaitu kesehatan pada gigi/rongga mulut, refluks esofagus dan kanker esofagus. Hasil skrining menunjukkan 40 persen published articles membahas dental health, 33 persen membahas gastro-oestrophageal health dan 27 persen membahas esophageal adenocarcinoma. Delapan artikel yang membahas dental health menunjukkan erosi yang dapat terjadi disebabkan oleh faktor lain di luar karbonasi. Enam artikel yang membahas gastro-oestrophageal health menunjukkan tidak ada korelasi antara faktor karbonasi dengan refluks ataupun refluks kronis yang terjadi. Sementara 5 artikel memperlihatkan observasi yang berkorelasi terbalik dengan risiko munculnya kanker esofagus. Systematic review menunjukkan bahwa saat ini berbagai artikel ilmiah relevan yang sudah dipublikasikan menyimpulkan dampak karbonasi pada minuman terhadap kesehatan saluran pencernaan tidak signifikan secara statistik klinis. [Penel Gizi Makan 2014, 37(1): 69-76] Kata kunci: Minuman berkarbonasi, penyakit saluran pencernaan, GERD, esophageal adenocarcinoma

Effect of oxygenated water on immune system, malonaldehyde content and student-athlete performance.

Exercise requires more oxygen input and cannot be fully obtained through breathing. The body has a homeostatic system, when more ATP is needed, the more oxygen is required by the body. Limited supply of oxygen such as those happens in athlete’s body automatically switches the respiration from aerobic into anaerobic. This situation results in building up of lactic acid which in turn lowers the energy for cellular metabolism as well asenergy for exercise. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of short-term and long-term drinking of oxygenated water on lactic acid and energy expenditure (EE) in exercise performance; Cluster of Differentiation-4 (CD4), CD8, CD56, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) contents; and level of malonaldehyde. During short-term intervention, 12 male student volunteers drank oxygenated (50, 80 and 130 ppm) water and normal mineral water, 15 minutes before treadmill and after treadmill (10 Kmh). The lactic acid concentration was measured before and after treadmill, and 5 minutes after the reconsumption of the oxygenated water. During long-term intervention, 17 male student volunteers drank oxygenated (100 ppm) water twice a day for 21 days. The blood plasma and lymphocyte sampled before and after intervention were analyzed for the same parameters. The results showed that oxygenated water had no effect on lactic acid accumulations and EE. Similarlyt he long-term study showed that oxygenated water did not affect CD4 and CD8, had no harmful effect on IL-6 and malonaldehyde, yet it significantly increased the CD56 content.

PENGARUH MINUMAN BEROKSIGEN TERHADAP SISTEM IMUN, KADAR MALONALDEHIDA DAN PERFORMA RESPONDEN MAHASISWA OLAHRAGAWAN [Effect of Oxygenated Water on Immune System, Malonaldehyde Content and Student-Athlete Performance]

Exercise requires more oxygen input and cannot be fully obtained through breathing. The body has a homeostatic system, when more ATP is needed, the more oxygen is required by the body. Limited supply of oxygen such as those happens in athlete’s body automatically switches the respiration from aerobic into anaerobic. This situation results in building up of lactic acid which in turn lowers the energy for cellular metabolism as well asenergy for exercise. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of short-term and long-term drinking of oxygenated water on lactic acid and energy expenditure (EE) in exercise performance; Cluster of Differentiation-4 (CD4), CD8, CD56, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) contents; and level of malonaldehyde. During short-term intervention, 12 male student volunteers drank oxygenated (50, 80 and 130 ppm) water and normal mineral water, 15 minutes before treadmill and after treadmill (10 Kmh). The lactic acid concentration was measured before and after treadmill, and 5 minutes after the reconsumption of the oxygenated water. During long-term intervention, 17 male student volunteers drank oxygenated (100 ppm) water twice a day for 21 days. The blood plasma and lymphocyte sampled before and after intervention were analyzed for the same parameters. The results showed that oxygenated water had no effect on lactic acid accumulations and EE. Similarlyt he long-term study showed that oxygenated water did not affect CD4 and CD8, had no harmful effect on IL-6 and malonaldehyde, yet it significantly increased the CD56 content.