Quan Sheng-Wen

Study on the steady operating state of a micro-pulse electron gun

Micro-pulse electron gun (MPG) employs the basic concept of multipacting to produce high-current and short-pulse electron beams from a radio-frequency (RF) cavity. The concept of MPG has been proposed for more than two decades. However, the unstable operating state of MPG vastly obstructs its practical applications. This paper presents a study on the steady operating state of a micro-pulse electron gun with theory and experiments. The requirements for the steady operating state are proposed through the analysis of the interaction between the RF cavity and the beam load. Accordingly, a MPG cavity with the frequency of 2856 MHz has been designed, constructed, and tested. Some primary experiments have been finished. Both the unstable and stable operating states of the MPG have been observed. The stable output beam current has been detected at about 3.8 mA. Further experimental study is under way now.

Stable Operation of the 2 K Cryogenic System for the Superconducting Accelerator at Peking University

A superconducting energy recovery linac test facility (PKU-SETF) was built at Peking University, and a 2K cryogenic system, which is the first closed-loop 2K cryogenic system for a superconducting accelerator in China, was constructed for the 1.3 GHz 3+1/2 cell dc-SRF injector. The main accelerator consists of two nine-cell TESLA-type superconducting cavities of the PKU-SETF The commissioning and stable operation of this 2 K cryogenic system was carried out. A helium pressure stability of better than ±0.1 mbar and a total refrigeration capacity of 65 W at a temperature of 2K was reached.

Multi-pass, multi-bunch beam breakup for 9-cell Tesla cavities in the ERL

Generally, Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) needs special designed high current superconducting RF cavities. In this paper, the threshold current of BBU for compact ERL facilities with 9-cell Tesla type cavities are investigated. The results show that it is feasible to adopt 9-cell Tesla cavity for compact ERL test facilities with just a few cavities and beam current around tens mA.

Beam pulsing system for the 4.5 MV electrostatic accelerator

Abstract A single state 4.5 MV electrostatic accelerator was designed and constructed at Peking University, P.R. China. In order to measure the neutron energy with time of flight method, it is necessary to compress the continuous ion beams into pulses. Therefore, a beam pulsing system has been incorporated in this machine. This paper describes the 9 MHz rf bunching system, the 1.5 MHz rf chopping system, the relevant electronics, the simulations of particle longitudinal motions, the requirements for the transverse focusing system and the experimental results. A duration of the beam pulse width (FWHM) of 1.8 ns was observed.

A preliminary quadrupole asymmetry study of a β=0.12 superconducting single spoke cavity *

An Accelerator Driven System (ADS) has been launched in China for nuclear waste transmutation. For the application of high intensity proton beam acceleration, the quadrupole asymmetry effect needs to be carefully evaluated for cavities. Single spoke cavities are the main accelerating structures in the low energy front-end. The single spoke cavity has small transverse electromagnetic field asymmetry, which may lead to transverse RF defocusing asymmetry and beam envelope asymmetry. A superconducting single spoke resonator (PKU-2 Spoke) of β=0.12 and f=325 MHz with a racetrack-shaped inner conductor has been designed at Peking university. The study of its RF field quadrupole asymmetry and its effect on transverse momentum change has been performed. The quadrupole asymmetry study has also been performed on a β=0.12 and f=325 MHz ring-shaped single spoke cavity. Our results show that the quadrupole asymmetry is very small for both the racetrack-shaped and the ring-shaped single spoke cavity.

The First Nine-Cell TESLA Cavity Made in China

A totally home-made 9-cell TESLA type superconducting cavity is made at Peking University. The cavity fabrication is according to DESY specification. The cavity is made of high purity niobium from OTIC, Ningxia. The electron beam welding is carried out at Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin. By the cooperation, the cavity is tested at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, USA. The preliminary result shows the acceleration gradient Eacc is 23MV/m without quench and has potential for improvement.

Electromagnetic design and beam dynamics simulation of a new superconducting accelerating structure for extremely low β protons

For the application of high intensity continuous wave (CW) proton beam acceleration, a new superconducting accelerating structure for extremely low β protons working in TE210 mode has been proposed at Peking University. The cavity consists of eight electrodes and eight accelerating gaps. The cavitys longitudinal length is 368.5 mm, and its transverse dimension is 416 mm. The RF frequency is 162.5 MHz, and the designed proton input energy is 200 keV. A peak field optimization has been performed for the lower surface field. The accelerating gaps are adjusted by phase sweeping based on KONUS beam dynamics. The first four gaps are operated at negative synchronous RF phase to provide longitudinal focusing. The subsequent gaps are 0° sections which can minimize the transverse defocusing effect. Solenoids are placed outside the cavity to provide transverse focusing. Numerical calculation shows that the transverse defocusing of the KONUS phase is about three times smaller than that of the conventional negative synchronous RF phase. The beam dynamics of a 10 mA CW proton beam is simulated by the TraceWin code. The simulation results show that the beams transverse size is under effective control, while the increase in the longitudinal direction is slightly large. Both the TraceWin simulation and the numerical calculation show that the cavity has a relatively high effective accelerating gradient of 2.6 MV/m. On the whole, our results show that this new accelerating structure may be a possible candidate for superconducting operation at such a low energy range.

Preliminary design and multipacting simulation of a SRF quarter wave electron gun at Peking University

Peking University is designing a new SRF gun that is composed of a quarter wave resonator (QWR) and an elliptical cavity. Compared to the elliptical cavity, the QWR is sufficiently compact at the same frequency and its electric field is quasi-DC. The RF parameters are determined by optimization of QWR cavity structure and the possible multipacting locations are analyzed by 2D MP simulation. The simulation results show that multipacting is not a critical issue for our optimized cavity structure.

Electromagnetic design and optimization of a superconducting quarter wave resonator

Superconducting (SC) cavities currently used for the acceleration of protons at a low velocity range are based on half wave resonators. Due to the rising demand on high current, the issue of beam loading and space charge problems has arisen. Qualities of low cost and high accelerating efficiency are required for SC cavities, which are properly fitted by using an SC quarter wave resonator (QWR). We propose a concept of using QWRs with frequency 162.5 MHz to accelerate high current proton beams. The electromagnetic design and optimization of the prototype have been finished at Peking University. An analytical model derived by the transmission line theory is used to predict an optimal combination of the geometrical parameters, with which the calculation by Microwave Studio shows a good agreement. The thermal analysis to identify the temperature rise of the demountable bottom plate under various levels of thermal contact also has been done, and the maximum increment is less than 0.5 K even though the contact state is poor.

Geometry dependent multipacting of a superconducting quarter-wave resonator at PKU

A superconducting quarter-wave resonator (QWR) of frequency=162.5 MHz and β=0.085 (β=v/c) has been designed at Peking University. The multipacting (MP) simulation and analysis for the QWR with CST Particle Studio has been performed. The simulation results reveal that there is no sign of MP with its normal operating accelerating gradients in the range of 6–8 MV/m. The accelerating gradient range that may incur MP is from about 1.4 to 3.2 MV/m, and the places where MP may be encountered are mainly located at the top part of the QWR. So the effect of different top geometries on MP has also been studied in depth. Our results show that an inward convex round roof is better than other round roofs, and plane roofs have an advantage over round roofs on the suppression of MP in general. While considering the optimization of its electromagnetic (EM) design, our initial designed model is also acceptable.