R. D. Wiedmeier

Cattle preferences differ when endophyte-infected tall fescue, birdsfoot trefoil, and alfalfa are grazed in different sequences

We determined if sequence of ingestion affected use of endophyte-infected tall fescue (TF) when cattle also grazed birdsfoot trefoil (BFT) or alfalfa (ALF). Based on chemical characteristics of TF (alkaloids), BFT (tannins), and ALF (saponins), we hypothesized that cattle first allowed to graze ALF or BFT would subsequently spend more time grazing TF than cattle that first grazed TF followed by ALF or BFT. Sixteen bred heifers (478 ± 39 kg initial BW) were randomly assigned to 4 replicated pasture units. Each replicated unit consisted of 4 treatment sequences (TF → BFT, TF→ALF, BFT → TF, or ALF→TF), with 2 cows per sequence. Pastures were in the vegetative stage of growth at a height of 20 to 30 cm and provided ad libitum forage to cattle. We recorded foraging on TF, BFT, and ALF using scan sampling of individuals at 2-min intervals. The study was conducted in 4 phases run sequentially, for a total of 30 d. In phases 1 and 3, cattle in group 1 grazed TF pastures for 45 min and were then moved to BFT pastures for the next 45 min (TF→BFT); cattle in group 2 grazed in the reverse sequence (BFT → TF). In phases 2 and 4, cattle in group 1 grazed TF pastures for 45 min and then subsequently grazed ALF pastures for the remaining 45 min (TF→ALF); cattle in group 2 grazed in the reverse sequence (ALF→TF). Sequence of plant ingestion affected food selection. In phase 1, scans revealed grazing of TF by heifers was cyclic, and heifers tended to have more scans (P = 0.52) grazing TF when they grazed BFT → TF; scans for heifers grazing TF were consistently greater (P < 0.05) throughout phase 3 of the trial. In phase 2, heifers that grazed in the sequence ALF→TF spent considerably more scans (P = 0.03) foraging on TF from d 4 to 10 than heifers that grazed in the sequence TF→ALF, and they remained greater throughout phase 4 of the trial. Although the sequence ALF→TF appeared to be more effective than BFT → TF, consistent with the hypothesis of a complementary relationship between the steroidal alkaloids in TF and saponins in ALF, tannin concentrations in BFT were minimal (1.8%), which likely reduced the presumed inactivation of alkaloids by tannins. We also speculate that heifers needed to learn about the positive postingestive influence of sequence, a notion consistent with more similar scans spent foraging BFT and TF early in phases 1 (BFT → TF) and 2 (ALF→TF), and with the consistent and marked increase in scans spent foraging on TF for animals foraging in phases 3 (BFT → TF) and 4 (ALF→TF).

Effects of feeding wheat straw and middlings ensiled with whey on digestibility and growth of cattle

Two studies were conducted with the objective of evaluating the effects of feeding different levels of whey ensiled with wheat straw and wheat middlings (whey silage) compared to control diets on production parameters in growing cattle. Whey silage was included in diets at 55 and 65.5% on a dry matter basis with net energy for maintenance and crude protein calculated to be similar to control diets containing a combination of alfalfa hay, corn silage and wheat middlings at 1.74 Mcal kg-1 and 13.4%, respectively. Dry matter intake averaged 8.41 versus 8.91 kg d-1 (P 0.05) in feed efficiency (8.73:1 versus 8.71:1) were observed. However, the higher dry matter intake (DMI) of cattle fed diets wi...

Effects of processed corn silage on its digestibility and production of growing beef replacement heifers

A study was conducted to determine effects of processing whole crop chopped corn prior to ensiling on diet digestibility and growth of beef replacement heifers. Corn silage (CS) was harvested using two identical six-row self-propelled choppers, one of which was adapted with a roller-processing unit. Corn was chopped to either 13.3 mm (unprocessed; UP) or 10.6 mm (processed; PR) theoretical length of cut (TLC) and ensiled in silage bags. Over the 56-day feedlot study, 90 growing British-cross replacement heifers were randomly assigned to UP or PR CS with three pens per treatment. The diet initially consisted on a dry matter (DM) basis of 55.4% UP or PR CS, 22.3% alfalfa hay (AH), 19.6% wheat middling (WM) and 2.7% supplement (SUPP). Whole plant particle size was estimated from three sub-samples per treatment. Whole cob fraction as a percent of total dry mass was 0.0% for PR and 6.4% for UP (P 0.05) but neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility was higher in heifers fed the PR treatment (P<0.008). Processing substantially reduced the number of whole kernels in CS and increased NDF digestibility, but did not improve heifer performance on diets containing 55% of DM as CS.