Rafael da Silva Gonçalves

Enraizamento de estacas herbáceas de mirtilo: influência da lesão na base e do ácido indolbutírico

O mirtilo (Vaccinium sp.) e uma especie de clima temperado que, por ocasiao do periodo vegetativo, produz abundante quantidade de material vegetal que pode ser utilizado na propagacao. Objetivou-se verificar o potencial de enraizamento de estacas herbaceas de diferentes cultivares de mirtilo, tratadas ou nao com acido indolbutirico e com e sem lesao na base. O trabalho foi realizado em dois experimentos, testando a capacidade de enraizamento das cultivares Florida, Woodard, Bluegem, Bluebele, Climax e Briteblue. No primeiro experimento, as estacas das cultivares foram tratadas com AIB (0, 2500, 5000 e 7500mgL-1). No segundo experimento utilizou-se 2000mgL-1 de AIB, em estacas com e sem lesao na base. O delineamento utilizado foi completamente casualizado com repeticoes e unidades experimentais adequadas para cada experimento. O uso do acido indolbutirico e a lesao nas estacas, nao proporcionaram estimulo na emissao de raizes adventicias; as cultivares apresentam potencial genetico de enraizamento diferenciado, sendo que, a Bluebelle apresentou maiores porcentuais de estacas enraizadas, e a Climax, os menores porcentuais.

Moscas frugívoras e seus parasitoides nos municípios de Pelotas e Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Frugivorous flies (Tephritoidea) are the main pests in temperate-zone fruit crop in Brazil. The objective of this research is to evaluate the infestation of these flies and the incidence of their parasitoids in fruit trees from 2007/08 and 2008/9 crops in Pelotas and in Capao do Leao, located in the south of Rio Grande do Sul. Fruits were collected from yellow guava and red guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine, 1821), pindo palm [Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., 1916], persimmon (Diospyros kaki Linnaeus, 1753), wild cherry (Eugenia involucrata DC., 1828), guava [Psidium guajava (Linnaeus, 1753)], feijoa tree [Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret, 1941], medlar [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindley, 1822], peach [Prunus persicae (L.) Batsch, 1801], surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora Linnaeus,1753) and (Eugenia pyriformis Cambessedes, 1832). The fruit was collected and transported to the laboratory, where the following parameters were individually determined: fly infestation rate, parasitism rate, and its frequency per parasitoid specie. It was found two species of Tephritidae, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (90.5%) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (9.5%) and two of Lonchaeidae, Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal, 1982 (87.8%) and a species not yet described, called Neosilba n. sp. 3 (12.2%). Anastrepha fraterculus is the most abundant species in the two cities and it was detected in most fruit crops collected. The persimmon and the guava were the hosts that showed the highest index of C. capitata infestation. Regarding to the species of Neosilba, the highest infestation occurred in fruits of feijoa tree. From the emerged parasitoids, it was identified three species two of Braconidae, Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti, 1911) (52.6%) and Opius bellus (Gahan, 1930) (27.5%) and a species of Figitidae, Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brethes, 1924) (20.0%). Doryctobracon areolatus was the most frequent parasitoid in most sampled fruit trees, except for surinam cherry and wild cherry, where O. bellus was predominant and for peach, A. pelleranoi.

Isca tóxica e disrupção sexual no controle da mosca-da-fruta sul-americana e da mariposa-oriental em pessegueiro

The objective of this work was to evaluate the simultaneous use of toxic bait and mating disruption technique using sexual pheromone for Anastrepha fraterculus and Grapholita molesta control, in commercial peach orchards. Three 0.5-ha orchards were used, with the following treatments: orchad 1, toxic bait (Biofruit 3% + Malathion 500 CE, 200 mL in 100 L) and mating disruption using sexual pheromone (Splat Grafo) in 1,000 points ha-1; orchad 2, conventional management, using contact insecticides 2 to 3 times a year; orchad 3, no pest control. Adult populations of both species, and sprout and fruit damages were monitored during the 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 crop seasons. Simultaneous use of toxic bait and mating disruption technique decreased the captures of A. fraterculus and G. molesta in more than 90%. In the two crop seasons, the damages on sprouts decreased 62-85%, and 98-99% on fruit, compared to the untreated orchard.

Propagação da pitangueira através da enxertia de garfagem

The Surinam cherry is a native fruit from Brazil with a great potential for commercial production. However, the common clonal propagation methods have not given a high percentage of success. The present work had the aim to test the use of two types of grafting: cleft graft and wedge graft as well as the best time to use this technique (July, August and September), under Southern Brazil conditions. The experiment was carried out at EMBRAPA Clima Temperado, in Pelotas, RS, in the year of 2005. The experimental design was completely randomized arranged as a 2x3 factorial plan (type of grafting x time), with 5 replications . It was concluded that both types of grafting could be used, during the winter time, for asexual propagation of Surinam cherry. Cleft grafting had the highest percentage of survival (60%) when compared to the wedge grafting (44.2%). The highest percentage of grafting success was obtained in September with 67.5%, followed by the months of August and July, with 51.3% and 37.5%, respectively.

Toxicities and Residual Effects of Toxic Baits Containing Spinosad or Malathion to Control the Adult Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Abstract An important objective of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is to reduce chemical contamination of the environment and food; for example by replacing broadcast sprays with selective toxic baits. The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity and residual effects of the a ready-for-use commercial bait Success* 0.02 CB®, which contains 0.24 g a.i. L-1 of spinosad, and to compare its performance to a few other formulations with spinosad and malathion mixed either in hydrolyzed corn protein (Biofruit® 3%) or in sugarcane molasses (7%) on adults Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. In the laboratory, formulations with spinosad caused mortality equivalent to malathion-based toxic baits 96 h after exposure of the insects, regardless of the attractive substance used. In the greenhouse, Success* 0.02 CB®, resulted in mortality of 81.9% of A. fraterculus adults 7 days after application of treatment; being significantly superior to either standard spinosad or malathion treatments (mortality between 44.1 to 62.1%) in the same evaluation period. In field, in the absence of rain, Success* 0.02 CB® and spinosad formulations with Biofruit® 3% or sugarcane molasses (7%) caused mortalities from 70.0 to 83.0% up to 7 DAT, not differing statistically from the malathion treatments (mortality of 100%) during this time. However, at 10 DAT only malathion formulations with Biofruit® 3% or sugarcane molasses (7%) substantial mortalities, i.e., 73.3% and 76.7%, respectively, which were superior to formulations with spinosad (mortality < 45%). However, at 14 DAT all tested formulations caused less than 40% mortality of A. fraterculus adults. One day after a rain (3.8 mm), the formulations with malathion caused mortalities between 56.7 and 81.8%, which were statistically superior to the formulations with spinosad (mortality < 20%). However, after the occurrence of an additional 0.4 mm of rain, all formulations caused mortality lower than 15%. Biofruit® 3% can be used as a replacement for sugarcane molasses (7%) in formulating toxic baits and Success* 0.02 CB® and other formulations with spinosad may be used to replace malathion to manage populations of A. fraterculus. In practical field operations, the effectiveness of toxic bait formulations may be extended by applying them to the lower canopy where they are partially protected from rain.

Biologia e potencial de parasitismo de Doryctobracon areolatus em larvas de Anastrepha fraterculus

The objective of this work was to study the biology and parasitic potential of Doryctobracon areolatus on larvae of Anastrepha fraterculus. The egg-adult period, the sex ratio, the longevity, the pupal viability, and the parasitism rate of D. areolatus were determined in laboratory, using A. fraterculus as host. The parasitoid development from oviposition to adult emergence required 25.00±1.70 days, the sex ratio was 0.62±0.09, and the mean longevity was 16.36±3.62 days for males and 10.24±1.71 days for females. The mean parasitism rate was 53.50±8.93%, varying from 41.60 to 68.60%, which shows the potential of this parasitoid for biological control of A. fraterculus.

Occurrence and biology of Tolype innocens (Burmeister) on blueberry

Tolype innocens (Burmeister, 1878) is reported for the first time damaging blueberry ( Vac- cinium ashei) plants in Brazil having the caterpillars feeding on leaves and new shoots. T. innocens biol- ogy was studied on blueberry leaves in laboratory conditions and then a fertility life table was elaborated. Developmental time and viability of egg, larval and pupal stages and egg-adult period were 15.0 and 35.3, 33.3 and 84.5, 20.6 and 100, and 69.2 days and 45%, respectively. Average pupal weight was 0.840g for the females and 0.580g for the males. The sex ratio was 0.5. Pre-oviposition and oviposition time lasted 6.34 and 12.1 days, respectively. Mean fecundity was 251 eggs per female. Eggs were laid either individually or in masses. Longevity was 19.0 and 20.0 days for males and females, respectively. T. innocens population increased 47 times per generation, with a mean generation time of 77 days, and a finite rate of increase of 1.02. This data on biological parameters will be useful for establishing control strategies. Index terms: Lepidoptera, urticating caterpillar, pest of temperate fruit.

Influência do plástico branco, poda verde e amino quelant®-K na qualidade de pêssegos 'Santa Áurea'

Fruit quality is influenced by climate, soil, cultivar, orchard management, time of harvesting and fruit handling at harvest and post harvest. One way of improving the fruit quality is through cultural practices. Thus, this work had the objective of evaluating the effect of the white plastic, vegetative pruning and aminoquelant®-K, alone or the combination of the last with plastic or summer pruning, on the quality of peaches cv. Santa Aurea. The quality attributes evaluated quality were: visual percentage of red on the fruit surface, intensity of red in the epidermis, determined by the CIEL*a*b * system, fruit mean weight, diameter and firmness, total soluble solids (TSS) content on the flesh, total titratable acidity (TTA) and the relation TSS/TTA. All the tested treatments increased the percentage of red on the fruit epidermis; the use of aminoquelant®-K, alone, resulted in greater acidity of the fruits; the best relation TSS/TTA was obtained by the use of the white plastic under the canopy and by the combination of that plastic with aminoquelant®-K.

Biology and Fertility Life Tables for Palpita forficifera (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Reared on Three Olive Cultivars and Privet

Abstract Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the main pest of the olive tree (Olea europaea L. Oleaceae) in Brazil. This study investigated the biology of P. forficifera reared on different hosts and elaborated the corresponding fertility life table for a better understanding of its development. Biology of P. forficifera was studied using olive cultivars Arbequina, Arbosana and Koroneiki and the alternative host privet (Ligustrum lucidum Ait., Oleaceae), under controlled conditions of temperature (25 ± 2°C), relative humidity (60 ± 10%), and photophase (14 h). We evaluated duration and viability of egg, larva, and pupa stages; number and duration of instars; sex ratio; pupa weight; duration of preoviposition, oviposition, and postoviposition periods; fecundity and longevity. The fertility life table was elaborated from these parameters. Larvae fed with privet had longer larval stage, and consequently, egg-pupa period. Larva viability was lower in cv. Arbosana, which reflected in lower viability in the egg–pupa period. Larvae fed with cv. Koroneiki originated females with higher fecundity. From the joint assessment of the biological parameters and the fertility life tables, cv. Koroneiki provided the greatest population increase, while cv. Arbosana impaired P. forficifera development. Thus, in areas of high occurrence of this species, cv. Arbosana should be considered as the more indicated cultivar for the establishment of new olive groves.

Strategies for Establishing a Rearing Technique for the Fruit Fly Parasitoid: Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Abstract Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most important pest in South American orchards. When control measures are not adopted, this pest can cause losses of up to 100%. Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a larval-pupal endoparasitoid that can be used as a native biological control agent against A. fraterculus. This study aimed to develop a rearing technique for D. brasiliensis in larvae of A. fraterculus. Trials were carried out to: 1) determine the optimal instar for parasitism, 2) define the exposure time of larvae to parasitoids, 3) determine the density requirements of A. fraterculus larvae offered to each parasitoid, and 4) evaluate the effect of diet on adults of D. brasiliensis. In all trials, we evaluated the number of offspring, parasitism rate, and sex ratio. Moreover, in the experiment to investigate the effects of diet, we determined the longevity of males and females. In both choice and nonchoice parasitism tests, the parasitoids preferred third-instar larvae of A. fraterculus over second- and first-instar larvae. An exposure time of 12 h of A. fraterculus larvae produced larger numbers of parasitoids and higher parasitism rates. The density of 15 larvae of A. fraterculus to each female of D. brasiliensis produced a larger number of offspring. A supply of honey solution (20 and 50%) to the parasitoids yielded the highest number offspring and resulted in greater longevity. Our findings can be used to support the development of a mass rearing protocol for D. brasiliensis.