Rafael Fort González

An urban geomonumental route focusing on the petrological and decay features of traditional building stones used in Madrid, Spain

The stone traditionally used to build cities contributes to their personality and attests to the geological substrate on which they stand. While stone decay in the built heritage can be attributed to a number of causes, anthropic activity has a particularly significant impact. The geomonumental routes project is one of the initiatives proposed in recent years for urban routes that convey geological fundamentals by observing the rocks present in heritage structures. Its innovative approach addresses traditional stone properties, original quarrying sites and mechanisms of decay. Madrid’s Royal Palace is a fine example of the use of traditional building stone in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. In the geomonumental route proposed, the building doubles as an in situ laboratory that affords an overview of the main petrological properties of the two traditional stones most commonly used in the city’s built heritage, the forms of decay they are subject and the factors underlying such alterations. This route constitutes a tool for showing the main petrological features and decay forms in traditional building stones found in urban heritage façades, with a special focus on anthropic impact, primarily air pollution and the use of conservation treatments that time has proven to be unsuitable.

Out-of-operating room anesthesia: use of the AnaConDa vaporizer with anesthesia.

To the Editor: Until recently, the use of anesthetic gases was restricted to situations where an operating room (OR) anesthesia machine with a vaporizer was available. The development of the Anesthetic Converting Device (AnaConDa; Sedana Medical, Uppsala, Sweden), which is a miniature vaporizer consisting of an antiviral and antibacterial humidifying filter, in addition to an activated charcoal membrane that allows for absorption and reuse of the anesthesia [1], has allowed for the use of anesthetic gases with critical care unit ventilators. We present a case series of 5 patients in whom the AnaConDa was used for anesthesia for ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) closure with an inhaled agent (sevoflurane) in a critical care unit ventilator. The 5 patients ranged in age between 37 and 65 years, and presented with an ostium secundum-type ASD. They were scheduled for closure of the ASD using an Amplatzer occluder. Two patients had a history of ischemic heart disease, one of whom was revascularized percutaneously and the other of whom underwent surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Another patient showed severe pulmonary hypertension on transthoracic echocardiogram. The ASDs were between 7 and 23 mm. Intraluminal echocardiography using the AcuNav system (Siemens Medical Solutions, Issaquah, WA, USA) was used in three cases using an 8-French femoral catheter. The other two cases were performed using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). All patients were monitored with two-channel electrocardiography (ECG; leads II and V5), noninvasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and Bispectral Index (BIS). In the patients who underwent TEE monitoring, airway control was achieved using orotracheal intubation; in patients who had intraluminal echocardiography, placement of a Supreme Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA North America, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) was chosen. Anesthesia was achieved using propofol and alfentanil, with maintenance being achieved with sevoflurane administered through the AnaConDa. The VersaMed iVent 201 (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA) critical care ventilator was used, with end-tidal CO2 and end-tidal sevoflurane being monitored with a MAxTM Multigas Analyzer (Phasein AB, Danderyd, Sweden) (Fig. 1). Sevoflurane was administered using an Alaris GS infusion pump (Alaris Medical Systems, Hampshire, UK), with infusion rates between 3 mL/hr and 7 mL/hr to obtain an end-tidal sevoflurane concentration of between 0.7% and 1.2% and a BIS value of between 45 and 75. Duration of the procedures varied between 60 and 195 minutes. Following emergence, the patients were transferred to the adjacent recovery roomwhere they remained for a mean of 90 minutes. There were no incidents. The patients were discharged from the hospital at 48 hours after admission without incident. The primary use of the AnaConDa currently is for sedation of patients in critical care units. The device is placed between the Y-piece of the ventilator circuit and the endotracheal tube, with liquid halogenated anesthesia being administered from a syringe pump to the device. Sevoflurane and isoflurane may be used, with transfer from the

Petrophysical analysis of the sculptures decay at the Cathedral of Burgos, Spain

Publisher Summary The statues located on the facade known as “Fachada de Santa Maria” in the Cathedral of Burgos are sculpted on a variety of limestone (biosparite), extracted from the Hontoria quarries. This chapter describes the study conducted to compare the chemical and petrophysical differences between the two types of statues at the Cathedral of Burgos, the Kings and the Infantes. The following assays were carried out: petrographical analysis under polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, hydric behavior, and durability tests that included 24 freeze-thaw cycles and 20 wetting-drying cycles. The petro-physical characteristics of the statues portraying the Infantes, sculpted in the mid-14th century, are slightly different than those of the Kings from the 19th century. The limestone used for the Infantes is finer-grained than that used for the Kings. The limestone used to sculpt the Infantes is more homogeneous, uniform, and dense than that used for the Kings, which is more fragile and breakable. On account of their petrophysical characteristics and of the durability assays carried out in a climatic chamber, the Kings statues are more sensitive to decay processes derived from freeze-thaw cycles whereas, the Infantes owe their decay mainly to wetting-drying variations. The state of preservation the Kings statues were assessed using ultrasound prospecting techniques and following results were obtained: 14 % of damage corresponds to cracking, 30 % to fissures, and 30 % to decay because of loss of cohesiveness. In the Infantes, 10% of the decay corresponded to fissures and 55 % to the degradation owing to dissolution.

Wireless Monitoring to Detect Decay Factors in Natural Heritage Scenarios in Spain: A Case Study at Lanzarote

This chapter discusses a study conducted primarily to assess the quality of the communications delivered by a Smartmote wireless platform in the Jameos del Agua volcanic tunnel on the Spanish island of Lanzarote. The findings identified coverage needs and the position of tracking points required for a long-term monitoring campaign. The environmental conditions outside and the microclimate inside the tunnel were monitored with the wireless sensor network and backup data loggers to quantify conditions in the areas most heavily impacted by the major factors of decay: human presence and solar radiation. The thermal and relative humidity gradients inside the materials were also determined. In addition, the platform detected tidal-induced rises in humidity that affect the lake inside the volcanic tube.

Heritage value of building materials: Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain) case study

Trabajo original de tesis para obtener el Doctorado en Ciencias de la produccion y la salud animal Tutor principal: Hector Manelic Quiroz Romero Comite tutor: Hector Manelic Quiroz Romero, Jose de la Fuente Garcia.espanolAllende es un ejemplo emblematico de condrita carbonacea caida en Pueblito de Allende (Mexico) en 1969. Este meteorito es especialmente importante debido a su composicion primitiva, como uno de los principales representantes de los primeros estadios del Sistema Solar. En este estudio se ha llevado a cabo una nueva caracterizacion multianalitica de esta condrita, centrada en la mineralogia y la geoquimica de los condrulos y la matriz empleando varias tecnicas: microscopia optica, SEM-EDX, microsonda electronica y espectroscopia Raman, siendo especialmente relevante esta ultima, que ha demostrado ser de gran utilidad aportando informacion sobre el mineral y su estructura. EnglishAllende is an emblematic example of carbonaceous chondrite which fell in Pueblito de Allende (Mexico) in 1969. This meteorite is especially important due to its primitive composition, as one of the main representative examples of the first stages of the Solar System. In this study, a new multianalytical characterization of this chondrite has been carried out, focusing on the mineralogy and geochemistry of the chondrules and the matrix using several techniques: optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, electron microprobe and Raman spectroscopy, the latter has proven to be very useful providing information a bout the mineral and its structure.espanolPeridotite xenoliths from the Los Tormos volcano (Calatrava volcanic field) provide significant information about the lithospheric mantle of Central Iberia. Studied samples are classified as spinel-bearing lherzolite, harzburgite and wehrlite. Chemical composition of olivine and two pyroxenes shows similar Mg# ranges, providing evidence of mineral equilibrium. Geothermobarometic estimates give depths in the spinel peridotite stability field (35-50 km, 10-15.2 kbar), and temperatures of 961-1185 °C. Major element mineral melting models in the lherzolite xenoliths record a low partial melting degree (up to 10%) although one harzburgite indicates a higher degree of melting (about 15%). The wehrlite sample could result from metasomatism by interaction with alkaline silica-undersaturated melts that replaced primary lherzolite orthopyroxene. Similar estimated pressures for peridotite mineral equilibration and for clinopyroxene megacryst/phenocryst crystallization in the host nephe- linite suggest the formation of mantle magma chambers, where alkaline magmas entrained megacrysts (cumulates) and peridotite wall-rocks. EnglishLos xenolitos de peridotitas del volcan Los Tormos (campo volcanico de Calatrava) proporcionan informacion valiosa sobre el manto litosferico del centro de Espana. Se estima que provienen de profundidades de 35-50 km (10-15.2 kbar), equilibrados a temperaturas de 961-1185 oC, en el campo de estabilidad de peridotitas con espinela. Los modelos de fusion obtenidos a partir de la composicion quimica de los minerales primarios de la peridotita (ortopiroxeno, clinopiroxeno y espinela) muestran un bajo grado de fusion parcial (hasta un 10%), aunque una harzburgita indica un mayor grado de fusion (cerca del 15%). El xenolito de wehrlita se interpreta como un tipo metasomatizado debido a la posible interaccion con fundidos alcalinos subsaturados en silice que reemplazarian el ortopiroxeno primario de la lherzolita. La similitud entre las presiones estimadas para el equilibrio mineral de la peridotita y la cristalizacion de megacristales/fenocristales de clinopiroxeno en la nefelinita sugiere la formacion de camaras magmaticas mantelicas.Trabajo presentado en el 5th YOuth in COnservation of CUltural Heritage, celebrado en Madrid (Espana) del 21 al 23 de septiembre de 2016Trabajo presentado en el International Course Ceramic Materials in Building Heritage (conservation problems and intervention), celebrado en Madrid el 29 y 30 de junio de 2016.Resumen del poster presentado a la 16a Reunion Nacional Sociedad Espanola de Hipertension Liga Espanola para la Lucha contra la Hipertension Arterial celebrada en Barcelona del 1 al 4 de marzo de 2011.Tesis llevada a cabo para conseguir el grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Complutense de Madrid.--2017-06-23.--Sobresaliente cum laudemResumen de la comunicacion presentada en el congreso que se cita- Cartel del congreso y resumenEste trabajo ha sido financiado por Repsol Exploracion, S.A. mediante el convenio 163/2013 con la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y por el proyecto de investigacion CGL2014-54818-P del Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO).Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el proyecto de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid no. PR1/05-13325.

Hemodynamic Effects of Connection to Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in a Pediatric Animal Model: HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF CRRT

To assess the hemodynamic effects of connection to continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in a pediatric experimental animal model. Prospective experimental study was performed using piglets between 2 and 3 months of age and 9-11 kg. CRRT with a PrismaflexR monitor and HF20 filter (surface of 0.2 m2 ) was started after monitoring and anesthetic induction with an initial blood flow at 20 mL/min with 10 mL/min increases every minute until the goal flow of 5 mL/kg/min was achieved. Heart rate, blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac index, and renal blood flow were registered at baseline, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 360 min. IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 package was used for analysis. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Thirty-four piglets were studied. Blood pressure, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance significantly decreased 5-min after CRRT connection (mean arterial pressure from 85.5 to 70.8 mm Hg, P < 0.001, cardiac index from 3.6 to 3.3 L/min/m2 P = 0.024, and systemic vascular resistance index from 1759 to 1607 dyn.s/cm5 P = 0.012). No significant changes were found in renal blood flow or central venous pressure. All parameters gradually increased at 15 and 30 min after connection but complete recovery was never achieved. Connection to CRRT produces a significant decrease in arterial pressure, cardiac index, and peripheral vascular resistances in hemodynamically stable piglets.

Wireless Communication Platforms for Built and Natural Heritage Monitoring

This chapter reviews the use of wireless sensor networks in cultural and natural heritage monitoring and describes the platforms presently available on the market. The main characteristics of this technology are discussed in the context of demanding long-term monitoring. The issues addressed include the RF bands, transceiver models, and network topologies most often used, power source and consumption options, and the possible applications of the hardware/software developments for the platforms analyzed. The monitoring capabilities and versatility of each platform are investigated with respect to the sensors that can be installed to track the parameters of interest in heritage studies. End-user network configuration and the research opportunities afforded by this technology in the areas concerned are also highlighted.

Ultrasonic Analysis of the Spanish Cultural Heritage: Six Case Studies

Nondestructive techniques (NDT) are particularly appropriate for the analysis of stone materials found in the built heritage. Moreover, portable NDTs can be used for onsite surveys of the object analyzed. Ultrasound propagation velocity (UPV) is one of the NDTs most commonly used in the diagnosis, conservation, and restoration of the cultural heritage. The technique consists in calculating the velocity from the time it takes an ultrasonic wave to travel across a known distance from an emitter to a receiver. The results provide useful information about the quality and degree of decay of building materials, which inhomogeneity must be factored into the calculations. The six examples of UPV surveys discussed here illustrate the utility of the technique in detecting areas of low velocity, which are normally indicative of decay. Combined with other NDTs and petrographic and petrophysical analyses, the findings afforded scientific and technical grounds for planning preventive, conservation, or restoration measures.

Relationship between respiratory and food allergy and evaluation of preventive measures

Food allergy and respiratory allergy are two frequently associated diseases and with an increasing prevalence. Several reports show the presence of respiratory symptoms in patients with food allergy, while certain foods may be related to the development or exacerbation of allergic rhinitis and asthma. The present update focuses on this relationship, revealing a pathogenic and clinical association between food and respiratory allergy. This association is even more intense when the food hypersensitivity is persistent or starts in the early years of life. Food allergy usually precedes respiratory allergy and may be a risk factor for allergic rhinitis and asthma, becoming a relevant clinical marker for severe atopic asthma. Furthermore, the presence of co-existing asthma may enhance life-threatening symptoms occurring during a food allergic reaction. Recommendations for dietary restrictions during pregnancy and breastfeeding to prevent the development of respiratory allergy are controversial and not supported by consistent scientific data. Current recommendations from medical societies propose exclusive breastfeeding during the first four months of life, with the introduction of solid food in the fourth to the seventh month period of life. A delayed introduction of solid food after this period may increase the risk of developing subsequent allergic conditions. Further studies are encouraged to avoid unjustified recommendations involving useless dietary restrictions.

PS-240 Developing A Toxic Paediatric Animal Model Of Non-oliguric Acute Renal Injury With Cisplatin

Introduction Developing a non-oliguric paediatric animal model of acuterenal injury (AKI) could be useful to study the evolution of diuresis after treatments. Cisplatin causes a dose-dependant poliuric renal failure in humans. A dose of 5 mg/kg has been used in rats to produced AKI but there are no studies in pigs. Objectives To define the target dose of Cisplatin that develops anon-oliguric toxic acute kidney injury in piglets. Methods A prospective experimental study was performed in 8 piglets (mean 10 kg). Three different intravenous doses of Cisplatin (2, 3 and5 mg/kg) and two different periods of time between administration and evaluation (2 and 4 days) were studied. Urine and blood samples were collected. Results Results are presented in Table 1. A dose of 2 mg/kg did not produce important alteration of renal function at any given time. A very severe oliguric AKI with extremely high hyperkalemia was observed four days after a 3 mg/kg dose and 3 days after a 5 mg/kd dose. A dose of 3 mg/kg administrated 48 h before produced an important AKI without severe hyperkalemia. Abstract PS-240 Table 1 Cisplatin dose mg/kg Days after inyection Initial diuresis (ml/h) Creatinine (mg/dL) Urea (mg/dL) Sodium (mmol/L) Potasium (mmol/L) Phosphate (mg/dL) 2 4 - 1.0 46 140 4.3 - 2 4 31 0.9 45 138 4.5 6.8 3 2 20 3.6 174 138 4.6 13.5 3 2 22 1.5 142 135 3.4 15 3 2 38 4.2 209 132 5.9 16 3 2 30 3.8 189 137 4.2 15.8 3 4 7 9.5 518 137 8.7 20.3 5 3 1 5.5 409 120 10.4 14.8 Conclusions A dose of 3 mg/kgof intravenous cisplatin producednon-oliguric AKI after 48 h in piglets. This dose and interval can be used for toxic paediatric animal models of AKI.