Rajesh N. Hegde

Electro-oxidation and determination of trazodone at multi-walled carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode

A simple and rapid electrochemical method was developed for the determination of trace-level trazodone, based on the excellent properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The MWCNT-modified glassy carbon electrode was constructed and the electrochemical behavior of trazodone was investigated in detail. The cyclic voltammetric results indicate that MWCNT-modified glassy carbon electrode can remarkably enhance electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of trazodone in neutral solutions. It leads to a considerable improvement of the anodic peak current for trazodone, and allows the development of a highly sensitive voltammetric sensor for the determination of trazodone. Trazodone could effectively accumulate at this electrode and produce two anodic peaks at about 0.73 V and 1.00 V. The electrocatalytic behavior was further exploited as a sensitive detection scheme for the trazodone determination by differential-pulse voltammetry. Under optimized conditions, the concentration range and detection limit are 0.2-10 microM and 24 nM, respectively for trazodone. The proposed method was successfully applied to trazodone determination in pharmaceutical samples. The analytical performance of this sensor has been evaluated for detection of analyte in urine as a real sample.

Voltammetric oxidation and determination of cinnarizine at glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The voltammetric oxidation of cinnarizine was investigated. In pH 2.5 Britton-Robinson buffer, cinnarizine shows an irreversible oxidation peak at about 1.20 V at a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified glassy carbon electrode. The cyclic voltammetric results indicate that MWCNT-modified glassy carbon electrode can remarkably enhance electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of cinnarizine. The electrocatalytic behavior was further exploited as a sensitive detection scheme for the cinnarizine determination by differential-pulse voltammetry. Under optimized conditions, the concentration range and detection limit are 9.0x10(-8) to 6.0x10(-6) M and 2.58x10(-9) M, respectively for cinnarizine. The proposed method was successfully applied to cinnarizine determination in pharmaceutical samples. The analytical performance of this sensor has been evaluated for the detection of analyte in urine as a real sample.

Electro-oxidation and determination of antihistamine drug, cetirizine dihydrochloride at glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

A multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) film-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was constructed for the determination of an antihistamine drug, cetirizine dihydrochloride (CTZH) using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Owing to the unique structure and extraordinary properties of MWCNT, the MWCNT film has shown an obvious electrocatalytic activity towards oxidation of CTZH, since it facilitates the electron transfer and significantly enhances the oxidation peak current of CTZH. All experimental parameters have been optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the oxidation peak current was linearly proportional to the concentration of CTZH in the range from 5.0×10(-7) to 1.0×10(-5)M. The detection limit was 7.07×10(-8)M with 180s accumulation. Finally, the proposed sensitive and simple electrochemical method was successfully applied to CTZH determination in pharmaceutical and urine samples.

Electrochemical Oxidation of Pentoxifylline and its Analysis in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations at a Glassy Carbon Electrode

Abstract The oxidative behavior of pentoxifylline was studied at a glassy carbon electrode in phosphate buffer solutions using cyclic and differential-pulse voltammetry. The oxidation process was shown to be irreversible over the pH range (3.0–9.0) and was diffusion controlled. The possible mechanism of the oxidation of pentoxifylline was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry and UV-Vis spectroscopy. An analytical method was developed for the determination of pentoxifylline in phosphate buffer solution at pH 3.0 as a supporting electrolyte. The anodic peak current varied linearly with pentoxifylline concentration in the range 2.0 × 10−8 M to 6.0 × 10−7 M of pentoxifylline with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.42 × 10−10 M. The proposed method was applied to the determination of pentoxifylline in pure and pharmaceutical formulations.

Electrochemical Oxidation and Determination of Theophylline at a Carbon Paste Electrode Using Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide as Enhancing Agent

Abstract The oxidation of theophylline was studied at a carbon paste electrode in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. The results indicated that the electrochemical responses of theophylline are apparently improved by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, due to the enhanced accumulation of theophylline at carbon paste electrode surface. Under optimal conditions the peak current was proportional to theophylline concentration in the range of 8.0 × 10−7 to 2.0 × 10−4 M with a detection limit of 1.85 × 10−7 M by differential pulse voltammetry. The proposed method was applied to the determination of theophylline in tablet and urine samples.

Mechanistic aspects of oxidation on L-tyrosine by diperiodatocuprate(III) complex in alkali media: a kinetic model

Oxidation of an amino acid, L-tyrosine (L-Tyr) by diperiodatocuprate(III) (DPC) in alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength of 0.1 mol dm−3 was studied spectrophotometrically at different temperatures (288.1–313.1 K). The reaction between DPC and L-Tyr in alkaline medium exhibits 1:4 stoichiometry (L-Tyr:DPC). Intervention of free radicals was observed in the reaction. Based on the observed orders and experimental evidence, a mechanism involving monoperiodatocuprate(III) (MPC) as the reactive oxidant species has been proposed. A suitable mechanism is proposed through the formation of a complex and free radical intermediate. The products were identified by spot test and characterized by spectral studies. The reaction constants involved in the different steps of the mechanism were calculated. The activation parameters with respect to slow step of the mechanism were computed and are discussed. The thermodynamic quantities were determined for different equilibrium steps. Isokinetic temperature was also calculated and found to be 252.3 K.