Rasmo Garcia

Produção e características do efluente e composição bromatológica da silagem de capim-elefante contendo diferentes níveis de casca de café

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of levels (10, 20, 30 and 40%, based on fresh matter) of coffee hulls added to elephantgrass at ensilage on the bromatological composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the resulting silage and the production and composition of the silo effluent. Twenty cylindrical plastic silos measuring 0.25 m diameter x 0.75 m height were used. A complete randomized design was used with four replications. The results demonstrated coffee hulls efficiency on decreasing silage moisture, resulting in increase of DM content of 0.69% / unity of added additive. pH values decreased as levels of coffee hulls increased. The addition of coffee hulls favored the crude protein contents, which showed a quadratic effect, estimating maximum of 10.0% at 26.3% of coffee hulls addition. The addition of coffee hulls reduced ammoniacal nitrogen, insoluble neutral detergent fiber and IVDMD, and increased acid detergent insoluble nitrogen and lignin contents. Acid detergent fiber and cellulose contents were not affected. Effluent production during 21 days was reduced from 123.5 L/t (0.0% coffee hulls) to 26.7 L/t (10.0% coffee hulls). The dry matter, P, Na and K contents did not varied with number of days of collect, although the Mg content decreased and total nitrogen content increased. The values of biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were not affected. The addition of 20% of coffee hulls was efficient to eliminate effluent production and to produce a good quality silage.

Morphological and structural characteristics and productivity of Brachiaria grass and forage peanut submitted to shading

The morphological and structural characteristics and dry matter production of signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens, cv. Basilisk) and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi, cv. Amarillo) were evaluated in response to different shading levels (0, 50 and 70%). A randomized complete block design was used with four replications. Three and two harvests for signalgrass and forage peanut were made, respectively. Forage peanut showed significant reduction in dry matter production with shading, only in the second harvest. Dry matter production of signalgrass decreased linearly in the first and second harvest. In all the harvests evaluated, average sward height, petiole length, and stem and leaf blade length increased significantly with shading. Increasing shade levels promoted linear reduction in the tiller population density of signalgrass, in the three harvests evaluated. On the other hand, mean tiller weight was only affected in the third harvest, showing a linear increment with increasing shade levels. The leaf:stem ratio of signalgrass and forage peanut was not significantly altered by shade. Specific leaf area, leaf area per leaflet and leaf area per tiller increased with shading. Leaf area index (LAI) showed linear reduction with shading in the second harvest of forage peanut and signalgrass. Signalgrass and forage peanut have great potential for evaluation and use in silvopastoral systems where the light transmission level is around 50% of photosynthetically active radiation.The morphological and structural characteristics and dry matter production of signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens, cv. Basilisk) and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi, cv. Amarillo) were evaluated in response to different shading levels (0, 50 and 70%). A randomized complete block design was used with four replications. Three and two harvests for signalgrass and forage peanut were made, respectively. Forage peanut showed significant reduction in dry matter production with shading, only in the second harvest. Dry matter production of signalgrass decreased linearly in the first and second harvest. In all the harvests evaluated, average sward height, petiole length, and stem and leaf blade length increased significantly with shading. Increasing shade levels promoted linear reduction in the tiller population density of signalgrass, in the three harvests evaluated. On the other hand, mean tiller weight was only affected in the third harvest, showing a linear increment with increasing shade levels. The leaf:stem ratio of signalgrass and forage peanut was not significantly altered by shade. Specific leaf area, leaf area per leaflet and leaf area per tiller increased with shading. Leaf area index (LAI) showed linear reduction with shading in the second harvest of forage peanut and signalgrass. Signalgrass and forage peanut have great potential for evaluation and use in silvopastoral systems where the light transmission level is around 50% of photosynthetically active radiation.

Nutritive value of elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage with different levels of coffee hulls

One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of five levels of coffee hulls (0, 8.7, 17.4, 26.1, and 34.8 kg/100 kg of fresh forage) on the bromatologic composition and IVDMD of elephantgrass silage. Fifteen plastic silos measuring .25 of diameter x .75 of height were used. In the ensiling process the forage received a pressure of 550 kg/m³. The results showed that the percentage of dry matter increased linearly with increasing of coffee hulls. It was estimated an increasing of .54% for each unit of coffee hulls added. The pH value was inferior for silage with coffee hulls. It was estimated a minimum value of 3.78 for the level 26.87% of coffee hulls. The content of CP of the silage without coffee hulls (8.9%) was inferior to (11.1%) found in the fresh forage and silages with coffee hulls. The IVDMD value was reduced according to crescent levels of coffee hulls. It was estimated a decreasing of .14% for each unit of coffee hulls added. It is possible to conclude that the addition of coffee hulls on level of 17.4 kg of coffee hulls/100 kg of fresh forage showed be a good additive for ensiling elephantgrass with high moisture content.One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of five levels of coffee hulls (0, 8.7, 17.4, 26.1, and 34.8 kg/100 kg of fresh forage) on the bromatologic composition and IVDMD of elephantgrass silage. Fifteen plastic silos measuring .25 of diameter x .75 of height were used. In the ensiling process the forage received a pressure of 550 kg/m³. The results showed that the percentage of dry matter increased linearly with increasing of coffee hulls. It was estimated an increasing of .54% for each unit of coffee hulls added. The pH value was inferior for silage with coffee hulls. It was estimated a minimum value of 3.78 for the level 26.87% of coffee hulls. The content of CP of the silage without coffee hulls (8.9%) was inferior to (11.1%) found in the fresh forage and silages with coffee hulls. The IVDMD value was reduced according to crescent levels of coffee hulls. It was estimated a decreasing of .14% for each unit of coffee hulls added. It is possible to conclude that the addition of coffee hulls on level of 17.4 kg of coffee hulls/100 kg of fresh forage showed be a good additive for ensiling elephantgrass with high moisture content.

Valor nutritivo de silagens de sorgo

The intake and apparent digestibility of silage nutrients of different sorghum hybrids: AG2006, AGX215, AGX213, AGX202 e AG2002, were evaluated. Twenty crossbred castrated sheep, averaging 50.7 kg, were assigned to a randomized blocks design, with four animals per treatment. There was no significant difference among silages for the different nutrients intake. Dry matter and total digestible nutrients intakes, in g/day, showed values that ranged from 936.2 (AGX202) to 1156.4 (AG2006) and from 460.9 (AGX215) to 613.4 (AGX213), respectively. The coefficients of digestibility showed differences among silages, and the higher coefficients of apparent dry matter and organic matter digestibility were recorded for the silage of AGX213 hybrid, compared to the silages of AGX215, AG2006 and AG2002 hybrids. Based on the intake and digestibility of the nutrients, except for the crude protein content, the AGX213 and AGX202 were successful for silage production.

Study of the DNA Content by Flow Cytometry and Proliferation in 281 Brain Tumors

In this paper we investigate the distribution of DNA ploidy as well as proliferation rate (S phase of the cell cycle Ki-67 staining) in 281 tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system (87 meningiomas, 75 astrocytomas, 44 nerve sheath tumors, 25 brain metastases, 18 pituitary adenomas, 17 ependymomas, 12 oligodendrogliomas and 3 medulloblastomas) and their correlation with the histopathological grade. Considering all 281 tumors, aneuploidy is the most frequent finding present: 52%. This percentage increases with malignancy: 69% of malignant tumors are aneuploidy. Levels of aneuploidy decrease from brain metastases to pituitary adenoma (92% in brain metastases, 83% in oligodendrogliomas, 59% in nerve sheath tumors, 47% in ependymomas, 40% in astrocytomas, 35% in meningiomas and 33% in pituitary adenomas), but aneuploidy is also found in many benign tumors. With respect to proliferation rate of tumors, S phase above 20% were recorded in the more malignant tumors: brain metastases, oligodendrogliomas, high-grade ependymomas, high grade astrocytomas, and in atypical and malignant meningiomas, but this parameter is not able to distinguish between low and high grade tumors. However, Ki-67 reactivity was equivalent in all histologies with significant differences between low and high grade tumors.

Casca de café em dietas de carneiros: consumo e digestibilidade

Four levels of coffee hulls (0.0, 6.25, 12.5, 18.75 and 25.0% DM) in substitution of ground corn in their concentrate ration were used to evaluate the effects on intake and apparent digestibility of diets. Twenty, unknown breed, sheeps were used in a randomized block design, with five treatments and four replicates. The animals were fed all ad libitum with isoprotein diets, 10% crude protein (CP), contained 60% of coastcross hay and 40% of concentrate in dry matter basis. Sheep were maintained in a metabolism cage for 19 days (12 days of adaptation and 7 days of data collection). The intakes of dry matter (1.41), organic matter (1.34), CP (0.15), total carbohydrate (1.17), neutral detergent fiber (0.71) and nonfiber carbohydrate (0.45) and the total digestible nutrients (0.85) kg/day were not affected by the coffee hulls levels. Coffee hulls did not affect apparent digestibility of dry matter (60.1%), organic matter (62.1%), neutral detergent fiber (46.9%), CP (66.3%), total carbohydrate (61.5%) and nonfiber carbohydrate (84.1%). Coffee hulls can be included up to 25% in the concentrate ration.

Desempenho de seis gramíneas solteiras ou consorciadas com o Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão e eucalipto em sistema silvipastoril

A study was conducted in the Brazilian Cerrados to evaluate the performance of six tropical forage grasses (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, B. brizantha cv. MG-4, B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Melinis minutiflora and Hyparrhenia rufa), associated or not with the tropical forage legume Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão, in a silvopastoral system with a clone of Eucalyptus sp. The forages were established in plots of 12 x 10 m, in the interrows of eucalypts, in a randomized block design with three replications. Ground cover, proportion of the legume and total dry matter availability in the understorey were evaluated one year after the establishment, under short time grazing. After two grazing cycles, there was reduction of the proportion of the legume in the mixture with all grasses, notably with the more aggressive ones (B. brizantha cv. Marandu and B. decumbens), where it practically disappeared. With the other grasses, however, the presence of the legume favored the productivity of the understorey. The grasses with the best productive performance were B. brizantha cv. Marandu, B. decumbens and P. maximum cv. Mombaça, the latter mainly when associated with the legume.RESUMO - Conduziu-se este estudo na regiao dos Cerrados de Minas Gerais, visando avaliar o desempenho de seis gramineas forrageiras (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, B. brizantha cv. MG-4, B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaca, Melinis minutiflora e Hyparrhenia rufa), consorciadas ou nao com a leguminosa Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirao e Eucalyptus sp., em um sistema silvipastoril. As forrageiras foram estabelecidas em parcelas medindo 12 x 10 m, nas entrelinhas do eucalipto, em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com tres repeticoes, e avaliadas quanto ao grau de cobertura do solo, % de leguminosa e disponibilidade de materia seca total no sub-bosque, um ano apos o estabelecimento, submetidas a pastejos de curta duracao. Apos dois ciclos de pastejo, houve reducao da proporcao da leguminosa no consorcio com todas as gramineas, sendo mais evidente com as mais agressivas (B. brizantha cv. Marandu e B. decumbens), onde ela quase desapareceu. Entretanto, a presenca do estilosantes Mineirao favoreceu a produtividade do sub-bosque, quando consorciado com as demais gramineas. O melhor desempenho produtivo foi obtido pelas gramineas B. brizantha cv. Marandu, B. decumbens e P. maximum cv. Mombaca; a ultima principalmente quando consorciada com o estilosantes Mineirao.

Características agronômicas de cultivares de milho (Zea mays L.) e qualidade dos componentes e silagem

This work was carried out to evaluate the agronomic characteristics (bedding, breakage, and productivity) and the chemical-bromatological of the green matter and silage of 19 cultivars of maize. The treatments were applied on 5 x 4-m plots arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. By the ocassion of sowing, doses corresponding to 500 kg/ha of the formula 4-14-8 (N-P2O5-K2O), were applied and at the 47 day of emergency, 60 kg/ha of N in broadcast. From the studied nineteen cultivars, nine were selected based on percentage of broken and bedridden plants with adequate agronomic characteristics to mechanical harvest. When the plants from the useful area (12 m2) reached the dough stage, they were harvested and mechanically chopped, to obtain particles closely to 2 cm. After being chopped and homogenized, nearly 15 kg of green matter were placed inside plastic bags. After the air being eliminated, they were transferred into a dark chamber, thus simulating a silo condition. Dry matter yield from the selected hybrids to be stored did not present big variation, with Zeneca 850 and Braskalb XL 380 (12.72 and 12.62 t/ha of dry matter, respectively) being the most outstanding. The percentage of ear in the plants and contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and soluble carbohydrates and dry matter in vitro disappearance (IVDMD) of hybrids did not differ. However, the FDN, FDA, N-NH3/NT and IVDMD in the silage showed differences among the nine hybrids, which was not verified for the crude protein, lactic acid, and pH.

Grazing management strategies for massaigrass-forage peanut pastures: 1. dynamics of sward condition and botanical composition

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica e a composicao botânica de uma pastagem consorciada de capim-massai (Panicum maximum x P. infestum, cv. Massai) e amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi Ac 01), manejada sob lotacao rotacionada em tres niveis de oferta diaria de forragem (9,0; 14,5 e 18,4% do peso vivo). A condicao da pastagem foi caracterizada em cada ciclo de pastejo, em termos de altura, massa de forragem e porcentagem de solo descoberto (pre e pos-pastejo). A composicao botânica da pastagem (graminea, leguminosa e invasoras) foi monitorada antes de cada periodo de ocupacao. Houve aumento linear da altura e da massa de forragem da pastagem com o incremento dos niveis de oferta de forragem (OF), observando-se maiores valores durante o periodo de maxima precipitacao. A porcentagem de solo descoberto, por sua vez, aumentou, principalmente no menor nivel de OF. A porcentagem de amendoim forrageiro aumentou progressivamente ao longo do periodo experimental, sobretudo nas pastagens mantidas com dossel mais baixo e mais aberto, criado com o uso de menores niveis de OF. No ultimo trimestre do periodo experimental, a leguminosa representou 23,5; 10,6 e 6,4% da massa seca da pastagem, respectivamente, do menor para o maior nivel de OF. Estes resultados sugerem que o amendoim forrageiro pode ser consorciado satisfatoriamente com o capim-massai, desde que a altura da pastagem na condicao pre-pastejo seja mantida abaixo de 65-70 cm para evitar o sombreamento excessivo da leguminosa.

Características do efluente e composição químico-bromatológica da silagem de capim-elefante sob diferentes níveis de compactação

An experiment was conducted using elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) cv. Cameroon, with the purpose of determining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of effluent released, correlating this with levels of pressure and the quality of silage. The material with 13% of dry matter was ensiled in experimental plastic silos. The levels of pressure were: 356.67; 446.67; 531.33; 684.00 and 791.00 kg/m3. The effluent of silages with high moisture content was collected and measured during seven days. In silages with high moisture content, for level of 356.67 kg/m3, were found proportional losses to those found in high pressure (791.00 kg/m3). In relation of minimum of total losses, the pressure more desirable was 550.00 kg/m3, in this experimental conditions. The values of DOB5 (14.596,69 mg/L), DQO (31.138,2 mg/L), DQO/DBO (2.38), pH (4.30), Mg (0.3997% DM) and Na (0.0008% DM) did not varied with pressure and number of days of collect. Content of P, K, level of ammoniacal nitrogen, total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, crude protein and total solids were influenced by pressure and number of days.