Rasyid Bo Sanitioso

mAintAining A Positive self-imAge By stereotyPing others: self-threAt And the stereotyPe Content model

The present study examines how target groups stereotype content (on warmth and competence dimensions) influences subsequent target evaluation following self-threat related to ones competence. Participants first received threatening or non-threatening feedback on their competence. They evaluated then a job candidate who was stereotyped either as competent and cold (Asian) or as warm and incompetent (working mother). As predicted, threatened participants derogated only the Asian target on her perceived warmth and her suitability for a job, but did not derogate the working mother. Moreover, perceived warmth mediated the observed differences in the evaluation of the targets job suitability. These results extend research on self-threat and prejudice by including Stereotype Content Model in this link.

Alfred Binet and experimental psychology at the Sorbonne laboratory.

Between 1892 and 1904, Alfred Binet (1857-1911) produced, in the psychology laboratory of the Sorbonne, a whole set of original works that still remains little known today. He integrated the laboratory, directed by the psychophysiologist Henry Beaunis (1830-1921), in 1891. We describe the circumstances that led Binet to take the direction of this laboratory in 1895 and present scientific investigations that were conducted there by Binet and his collaborators. For Binet, the laboratory was not narrowly limited to a set of rooms where experiments were conducted by means of sophisticated devices (experimental psychology), it was also a working area, regularly organized, where all the psychological documents were classified, whatever their origin (descriptive psychology). We show that Binet was a pioneer who is still little recognized in various areas of experimental psychology. Binet suffered, at the time, from the indifference of his contemporaries, but he especially regretted not being able to attract students to his laboratory due to the absence of diploma-offering programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).

Motivated self-perception and perceived ease in recall of autobiographical memories

The present study examines motivational influence on the perceived ease with which autobiographical memories are recalled, and the role perceived ease plays in momentary self-perception as characterized by inferences of success-promoting attributes (Kunda & Sanitioso, 1989). Participants were first induced to believe that introversion is conducive of success or of failure in ones university studies and beyond. Next, in a supposed separate experiment, they recalled five past behaviors they considered to be related to introversion. Introversion-success participants, presumably motivated to see themselves as introverted, perceived the recall task as easier than did introversion-failure participants. Perceived ease, in turn, mediated self-perception as characterized by the success-promoting trait inferences: introversion-success participants rated themselves as more introverted compared to introversion-failure participants. The present findings extend past research emphasizing the biased content in the recall of autobiographical memories (Sanitioso, Kunda, & Fong, 1990) to the subjective experience associated with the recall itself, to realize a desired self-perception.

Alfred Binet, founder of the science of testimony and psycho-legal science

Resume nDans son livre sur la «xa0suggestibilitexa0» (1900), Alfred Binet (1857-1911) a formellement etabli un fondement scientifique pour une «xa0Science du temoignagexa0». Dans ce contexte, il a realise quelques experiences interessantes sur le temoignage oculaire. Mais l’ouvrage de Binet sur la suggestibilite fut largement ignore en France en depit des implications importantes qu’il contenait en lien avec l’etude du temoignage. Quatre ans plus tard, Binet (1905) a ecrit un article ou il regrettait qu’aucune recherche n’ait ete entreprise dans cette direction en France. Cependant, ses travaux furent developpes par l’Allemand Wilhelm Stern (1871-1938) qui a reussi a susciter un interet chez les universitaires et les juristes en s’appropriant les methodes de recherche de Binet. En 1905 Binet a lu les travaux de Stern avec le plus grand interet, et avec un peu de melancolie, mais il a trouve que l’expression «xa0Science du temoignagexa0» etait trop restrictive. Le temoignage renvoie a la psychologie du temoin, mais il y a aussi la psychologie du juge. Au final, Binet a propose de creer une science appliquee d’une grande utilite, qu’il a appelee la science psycho-judiciaire. Nous donnons ici en appendice une traduction anglaise de cet article qui existe seulement aujourd’hui en langue francaise.

Alfred Binet and Crépieux-Jamin: Can intelligence be measured scientifically by graphology?

On n’a pas assez souligne qu’Alfred Binet (1857-1911), qui a ete avocat au barreau de Paris entre 1878 et 1884, a toujours ete tres interesse par les questions d’expertise judiciaire en general et par l’analyse graphologique de l’ecriture manuelle en particulier. En France, l’interet du public pour la graphologie va etre mis en lumiere dans le domaine judiciaire lors de l’affaire Dreyfus (1894-1895). Binet, devenu un psychologue experimentaliste de renom, va cependant considerer dans un premier temps que la graphologie n’est qu’une pseudo-science qui ne peut apporter aucun concours a la justice parce qu’elle n’a pas montre sa fiabilite au plan scientifique. Cette condamnation ne sera cependant pas definitive, car au debut des annees 1900 Binet va etre de plus en plus attire par les applications de la psychologie scientifique. Il decide ainsi de tester le caractere scientifique de la graphologie en s’adressant a des professionnels avec qui il va collaborer etroitement, le plus celebre d’entre eux etant Jules Crepieux-Jamin (1859-1940). Ce changement d’opinion de Binet est du a l’interet qu’il va porter a la question de la psychologie individuelle et a son implication dans la Societe Libre pour l’Etude Psychologique de l’Enfant (SLEPE) qui va mettre en place une commission de graphologie. Interesse par l’etude scientifique de l’intelligence, il va collaborer a partir de 1902 au plan experimental avec Crepieux-Jamin dans le but d’etudier les signes exterieurs et objectifs de l’intelligence dans la graphologie. Il publia en 1906 un ouvrage interessant a ce propos. Dans cet article nous proposons 1. une analyse contextuelle de l’interet de Binet pour la graphologie, 2. une revue de ses multiples travaux sur ce theme, 3. une analyse de la reception de l’ouvrage de Binet sur la graphologie. Ses travaux sur la graphologie constituent un exemple typique de l’approche scientifique que Binet defend en psychologiexa0: etudier en detail le comportement de quelques sujets d’exception.)

Ingroup Ambivalence and Experienced Discomfort: The Moderating Roles of Affective Versus Cognitive Attitudinal Basis, Group Identification, as Mediated by Negative Beliefs About the Ingroup

ABSTRACT Prior research has found individuals reactions to vary depending on whether such associations are activated by emotions (an affective basis) or by beliefs (a cognitive basis) about the objects properties. Accordingly, this conceptual distinction should be relevant also for the discomfortive responses to ones ambivalent attitudes regarding fellow group members (or the ingroup). Findings from two studies support the argument that ambivalence-associated discomfort a) is a general tendency when it regards affect-based ambivalence towards fellow group members, while b) only holds for the more identified group members when ambivalence concerns beliefs about the ingroup, and for this latter group members c) this tendency is driven by the strength of their negative beliefs about the ingroup or fellow group members.