Razieh Zandieh

Older Adults' Outdoor Walking: Inequalities in Neighbourhood Safety, Pedestrian Infrastructure and Aesthetics

Older adults living in high-deprivation areas walk less than those living in low-deprivation areas. Previous research has shown that older adults’ outdoor walking levels are related to the neighbourhood built environment. This study examines inequalities in perceived built environment attributes (i.e., safety, pedestrian infrastructure and aesthetics) and their possible influences on disparities in older adults’ outdoor walking levels in low- and high-deprivation areas of Birmingham, United Kingdom. It applied a mixed-method approach, included 173 participants (65 years and over), used GPS technology to measure outdoor walking levels, used questionnaires (for all participants) and conducted walking interviews (with a sub-sample) to collect data on perceived neighbourhood built environment attributes. The results show inequalities in perceived neighbourhood safety, pedestrian infrastructure and aesthetics in high- versus low-deprivation areas and demonstrate that they may influence disparities in participants’ outdoor walking levels. Improvements of perceived neighbourhood safety, pedestrian infrastructure and aesthetic in high-deprivation areas are encouraged.

Do Inequalities in Neighborhood Walkability Drive Disparities in Older Adults’ Outdoor Walking?

Older residents of high-deprivation areas walk less than those of low-deprivation areas. Previous research has shown that neighborhood built environment may support and encourage outdoor walking. The extent to which the built environment supports and encourages walking is called “walkability”. This study examines inequalities in neighborhood walkability in high- versus low-deprivation areas and their possible influences on disparities in older adults’ outdoor walking levels. For this purpose, it focuses on specific neighborhood built environment attributes (residential density, land-use mix and intensity, street connectivity, and retail density) relevant to neighborhood walkability. It applied a mixed-method approach, included 173 participants (≥65 years), and used a Geographic Information System (GIS) and walking interviews (with a sub-sample) to objectively and subjectively measure neighborhood built environment attributes. Outdoor walking levels were measured by using the Geographic Positioning System (GPS) technology. Data on personal characteristics was collected by completing a questionnaire. The results show that inequalities in certain land-use intensity (i.e., green spaces, recreation centers, schools and industries) in high- versus low-deprivation areas may influence disparities in older adults’ outdoor walking levels. Modifying neighborhood land use intensity may help to encourage outdoor walking in high-deprivation areas.

The Associations Between Area Deprivation and Objectively Measured Older Adults’ Outdoor Walking Levels

Outdoor walking has positive impacts on older adults’ health. It is crucial to identify less active older adults and to encourage them to take outdoor walks. Previous studies have shown that physical activity levels vary according to socioeconomic deprivation. However, knowledge on objectively measured older adults’ outdoor walking levels is limited. This study investigated associations between area (socioeconomic) deprivation and older adults’ objectively (geographic positioning system [GPS]) measured outdoor walking levels (i.e., walking durations and frequencies) in Birmingham, United Kingdom. It used a multilevel approach. The final sample included 173 participants (65 years and above). A questionnaire was used to collect data on personal characteristics (e.g., educational attainment as a proxy of individual deprivation, age, and marital status). The results show that independent of personal characteristics, area deprivation associates with outdoor walking durations. Participants from high-deprivation areas spend less time for outdoor walking than those from low-deprivation areas. Associations between area deprivation and outdoor walking frequencies were nonsignificant. Future research needs to investigate how attributes (e.g., environmental attributes) of low- and high-deprivation areas drive disparities in outdoor walking durations among older residents of low- and high-deprivation areas.