Rebecca L. Gieseking

Distinguishing the Effects of Bond-Length Alternation versus Bond-Order Alternation on the Nonlinear Optical Properties of π-Conjugated Chromophores

Understanding the relationships between the molecular nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and the bond-length alternation (BLA) or π-bond-order alternation (BOA) along the molecular backbone of linear π-conjugated systems has proven widely useful in the development of NLO organic chromophores and materials. Here, we examine model polymethines to elucidate the reliability of these relationships. While BLA is solely a measure of molecular geometric structure, BOA includes information pertaining to the electronic structure. As a result, BLA is found to be a good predictor of NLO properties only when optimized geometries are considered, whereas BOA is more broadly applicable. Proper understanding of the distinction between BLA and BOA is critical when designing computational studies of NLO properties, especially for molecules in complex environments or in nonequilibrium geometries.

Nanostructured organic semiconductor films for molecular detection with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

π-Conjugated organic semiconductors have been explored in several optoelectronic devices, yet their use in molecular detection as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-active platforms is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that SERS-active, superhydrophobic and ivy-like nanostructured films of a molecular semiconductor, α,ω-diperfluorohexylquaterthiophene (DFH-4T), can be easily fabricated by vapour deposition. DFH-4T films without any additional plasmonic layer exhibit unprecedented Raman signal enhancements up to 3.4 × 103 for the probe molecule methylene blue. The combination of quantum mechanical computations, comparative experiments with a fluorocarbon-free α,ω-dihexylquaterthiophene (DH-4T), and thin-film microstructural analysis demonstrates the fundamental roles of the π-conjugated core fluorocarbon substitution and the unique DFH-4T film morphology governing the SERS response. Furthermore, Raman signal enhancements up to ∼1010 and sub-zeptomole (<10-21 mole) analyte detection were accomplished by coating the DFH-4T films with a thin gold layer. Our results offer important guidance for the molecular design of SERS-active organic semiconductors and easily fabricable SERS platforms for ultrasensitive trace analysis.

Semiempirical Modeling of Ag Nanoclusters: New Parameters for Optical Property Studies Enable Determination of Double Excitation Contributions to Plasmonic Excitation

Quantum mechanical studies of Ag nanoclusters have shown that plasmonic behavior can be modeled in terms of excited states where collectivity among single excitations leads to strong absorption. However, new computational approaches are needed to provide understanding of plasmonic excitations beyond the single-excitation level. We show that semiempirical INDO/CI approaches with appropriately selected parameters reproduce the TD-DFT optical spectra of various closed-shell Ag clusters. The plasmon-like states with strong optical absorption comprise linear combinations of many singly excited configurations that contribute additively to the transition dipole moment, whereas all other excited states show significant cancellation among the contributions to the transition dipole moment. The computational efficiency of this approach allows us to investigate the role of double excitations at the INDO/SDCI level. The Ag cluster ground states are stabilized by slight mixing with doubly excited configurations, but the plasmonic states generally retain largely singly excited character. The consideration of double excitations in all cases improves the agreement of the INDO/CI absorption spectra with TD-DFT, suggesting that the SDCI calculation effectively captures some of the ground-state correlation implicit in DFT. These results provide the first evidence to support the commonly used assumption that single excitations are in many cases sufficient to describe the optical spectra of plasmonic excitations quantum mechanically.

Bias-Dependent Chemical Enhancement and Nonclassical Stark Effect in Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectromicroscopy of CO-Terminated Ag Tips

Tip-enhanced Raman spectromicroscopy (TERS) with CO-terminated plasmonic tips can probe angstrom-scale features of molecules on surfaces. The development of this technique requires understanding of how chemical environments affect the CO vibrational frequency and TERS intensity. At the scanning tunneling microscope junction of a CO-terminated Ag tip, we show that rather than the classical vibrational Stark effect, the large bias dependence of the CO frequency shift is due to ground-state charge transfer from the Ag tip into the CO π* orbital softening the C-O bond at more positive biases. The associated increase in Raman intensity is attributed to a bias-dependent chemical enhancement effect, where a positive bias tunes a charge-transfer excited state close to resonance with the Ag plasmon. This change in Raman intensity is contrary to what would be expected based on changes in the tilt angle of the CO molecule with bias, demonstrating that the Raman intensity is dominated by electronic rather than geometric effects.

Benchmarking Semiempirical Methods To Compute Electrochemical Formal Potentials

Computational methods to predict and tune electrochemical redox potentials are important for the development of energy technologies. Here, we benchmark several semiempirical models to compute reduction potentials of organic molecules, comparing approaches based on (1) energy differences between the S0 and one-electron-reduced D0 states of the isolated molecules and (2) an orbital energy shift approach based on tuning the charge-transfer triplet energy of the Ag20-molecule complex; the second model enables explicit modeling of electrode-molecule interactions. For molecules in solution, the two models yield nearly identical results. Both PM7 and PM6 predict formal potentials with only a slight loss of accuracy compared to standard density functional theory models, and the results are robust across several choices of geometries and implicit solvent models. PM6 and PM7 show dramatically improved accuracy over older semiempirical Hamiltonians (MNDO, AM1, PM3, and INDO/S). However, our recently developed INDO parameters model the electronic properties of our Ag20 model electrode much more accurately than does PM7. These results demonstrate the need for further development of semiempirical models to accurately model molecules on surfaces.