Rémy Buzier

Can POCIS be used in Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) monitoring networks? A study focusing on pesticides in a French agricultural watershed.

In this study, the main current limitations in the application of the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) in regulatory monitoring programmes were evaluated. POCIS were exposed from March to December by successive periods of 14 days in the River Trec (Lot et Garonne, France) and analysed for 34 pesticides. The study of the uncertainty related to the POCIS data was performed and we concluded that it might be up to 138%, which is higher than European Union requirements but this issue was adequately counterbalanced by the gain of temporal representativeness. Comparison with data from the official monitoring programme from the French Water Agency showed that the POCIS is already suitable for both operational and investigative monitoring. The sampled fraction issue, and then compliance with Environmental Quality Standards, was also addressed. It was confirmed that POCIS samples only the dissolved fraction of dimethenamid and showed that for compounds like atrazine, desethylatrazine and metolachlor, the POCIS concentration is equivalent to the whole water concentration. For dimethenamid, which exhibited a tendency to adsorb on suspended matter, a method was suggested to assess the raw water concentration from the POCIS measure. Finally, an innovative procedure for using passive sampler data for compliance checks in the framework of surveillance monitoring is proposed.

Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments Part A: Principles, calibration, preparation and analysis of the sampler.

The passive sampler Chemcatcher(®), which was developed in 2000, can be adapted for various types of water contaminants (e.g., trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and pharmaceutical residues) depending on the materials chosen for the receiving phase and the membrane. The Chemcatcher(®) has been used in numerous research articles in both laboratory experiments and field exposures, and here we review the state-of-the-art in applying this passive sampler. Part A of this review covers (1) the theory upon which the sampler is based (i.e., brief theory, calculation of water concentration, Performance and Reference Compounds), (2) the preparation of the device (i.e., sampler design, choice of the membrane and disk, mounting of the tool), and (3) calibration procedures (i.e., design of the calibration tank, tested parameters, sampling rates).

Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments Part B: Field handling and environmental applications for the monitoring of pollutants and their biological effects.

The Chemcatcher(®) has been used for a wide range of environmental applications in various media (river water, seawater, sewage water, and treated wastewater). The aim of part B of this review is to compile and discuss the results obtained during these applications, from a screening or quantitative monitoring of water contamination, to a comparison with biomonitoring and bioassays. Special attention will also be paid to, firstly, the influence of environmental factors on analyte uptake and, secondly, the use of Performance and Reference Compounds for the in situ correction of sampling rates.

Simultaneous measurement of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in freshwaters with a single Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films device.

Few attempts have been made to sample labile chromium with the DGT passive sampler (Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films) and, currently, no single device allows the simultaneous determination of both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). In this work, a procedure based on only one device combined with innovative selective elution is evaluated to assess chromium speciation. A zirconium binding gel is used to accumulate both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(VI) is quantitatively and selectively eluted by NaOH, allowing the subsequent determination of Cr(III). Accurate quantification of both species is demonstrated in synthetic solutions for pH ranging from 4 to 6 and ionic strength ranging from 10(-3) to 5×10(-2)M. Cr(VI) quantification is altered only for [SO4(2-)]≥5×10(-3)M. The method allows successful quantification of labile Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in spiked natural water. The limit of quantification of the procedure is suitable for trace level monitoring (0.03µgL(-1) for Cr(VI) and 1µgL(-1) for Cr(III), for a one-week deployment at 20°C) and the effective capacity of the sampler (∼25µg for each Cr oxidation state) should allow long term deployments. These results highlight the potential of this new procedure for a simple and effective chromium speciation analysis in natural waters.

HPLC method for the analysis of α -tocopherol from Myriophyllum alterniflorum

0009-3130/11/4704-0679 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 1) University of Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Botany & Cryptogamy, GRESE EA 4330, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, F-87025 Limoges, France, fax: +33 555 435 850, e-mail: david.delmail@wanadoo.fr; 2) University of Limoges, Faculty of Sciences, GRESE EA 4330, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, F-87060 Limoges, France. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, p. 594, July–August, 2011. Original article submitted April 7, 2010. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Vol. 47, No. 4, September, 2011 [Russian original No. 4, July–August, 2011]

Key role of the sorption process in alteration of metal and metalloid quantification by fouling development on DGT passive samplers

The DGT technique (diffusive gradients in thin films) is widely used for passive sampling of labile trace metals and metalloids in natural waters. Although development of fouling on the protective membranes is frequently observed, its effect on DGT sampling has been barely investigated. This study evaluates the influence of fouling on sampling of trace cationic metals Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) and oxyanions As(V), Cr(VI), Sb(V) and Se(VI). Fouling was developed in situ on polycarbonate membranes in four diverse natural freshwater environments and sampling alteration was assessed in controlled laboratory experiments. Accumulation of oxyanions and Ni was unaltered in the presence of fouling whereas significant alteration occurred in sampling of Cd, Cu and Pb (at pH ∼5.4). Characterization of the fouled membranes highlighted the intervention of sorption phenomenon as sampling alteration was systematically observed alongside element sorption onto fouled membrane. A preliminary flowchart for identifying potentially biased quantifications linked to fouling development during in situ DGT deployment in natural waters is proposed.