Rene A. Mendez

THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD. XVII. PARALLAX RESULTS FROM THE CTIOPI 0.9 m PROGRAM: 20 NEW MEMBERS OF THE RECONS 10 PARSEC SAMPLE

Astrometric measurements for 25 red dwarf systems are presented, including the first definitive trigonometric parallaxes for 20 systems within 10 pc of the Sun, the horizon of the RECONS sample. The three nearest systems that had no previous trigonometric parallaxes (other than perhaps rough preliminary efforts) are SO 0253+1652 (3.84 ± 0.04 pc, the 23rd nearest system), SCR 1845-6357 AB (3.85 ± 0.02 pc, 24th nearest), and LHS 1723 (5.32 ± 0.04 pc, 56th nearest). In total, seven of the systems reported here rank among the nearest 100 stellar systems. Supporting photometric and spectroscopic observations have been made to provide full characterization of the systems, including complete VRIJHKs photometry and spectral types. A study of the variability of 27 targets reveals six obvious variable stars, including GJ 1207, for which we observed a flare event in the V band that caused it to brighten by 1.7 mag. Improved parallaxes for GJ 54 AB and GJ 1061, both important members of the 10 pc sample, are also reported. Definitive parallaxes for GJ 1001 A, GJ 633, and GJ 2130 ABC, all of which have been reported to be within 10 pc, indicate that they are beyond 10 pc. From the analysis of systems with (previously) high trigonometric parallax errors, we conclude that parallaxes with errors in excess of 10 mas are insufficiently reliable for inclusion in the RECONS sample. The cumulative total of new additions to the 10 pc sample since 2000 is now 34 systems: 28 by the RECONS team and six by other groups. This total represents a net increase of 16% in the number of stellar systems reliably known to be nearer than 10 pc.

THE CHEMICAL ENRICHMENT HISTORY OF THE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD AND ITS GRADIENTS

We present stellar metallicities derived from Ca II triplet spectroscopy in over 350 red giant branch stars in 13 fields distributed in different positions in the Small Magellanic Cloud, ranging from ~1° to ~4° from its center. In the innermost fields, the average metallicity is [Fe/H] ~–1. This value decreases when we move away toward outermost regions. This is the first detection of a spectroscopic metallicity gradient in this galaxy. We show that the metallicity gradient is related to an age gradient, in the sense that more metal-rich stars, which are also younger, are concentrated in the central regions of the galaxy.

Kinematical and Chemical Vertical Structure of the Galactic Thick Disk. II. A Lack of Dark Matter in the Solar Neighborhood

We estimated the dynamical surface mass density Σ at the solar position between Z = 1.5 and 4 kpc from the Galactic plane, as inferred from the kinematics of thick disk stars. The formulation is exact within the limit of validity of a few basic assumptions. The resulting trend of Σ(Z) matches the expectations of visible mass alone, and no dark component is required to account for the observations. We extrapolate a dark matter (DM) density in the solar neighborhood of 0 ± 1 mM ☉ pc–3, and all the current models of a spherical DM halo are excluded at a confidence level higher than 4σ. A detailed analysis reveals that a small amount of DM is allowed in the volume under study by the change of some input parameter or hypothesis, but not enough to match the expectations of the models, except under an exotic combination of non-standard assumptions. Identical results are obtained when repeating the calculation with kinematical measurements available in the literature. We demonstrate that a DM halo would be detected by our method, and therefore the results have no straightforward interpretation. Only the presence of a highly prolate (flattening q > 2) DM halo can be reconciled with the observations, but this is highly unlikely in ΛCDM models. The results challenge the current understanding of the spatial distribution and nature of the Galactic DM. In particular, our results may indicate that any direct DM detection experiment is doomed to fail if the local density of the target particles is negligible.

The Solar Neighborhood. XIII. Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9 Meter Program: Stars with μ ≥ 10 yr−1 (MOTION Sample)

We present the first set of definitive trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions from the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Parallax Investigation. Full astrometric reductions for the program are discussed, including methods of reference star selection, differential color refraction corrections, and conversion of relative to absolute parallax. Using data acquired at the 0.9 m telescope at CTIO, full astrometric solutions and VRIJHKs photometry are presented for 36 red and white dwarf stellar systems with proper motions faster than 10 yr-1. Of these, 33 systems have their first ever trigonometric parallaxes, which comprise 41% of MOTION systems (those reported to have proper motions greater than 10 yr-1) south of δ = 0° that have no parallaxes. Four of the systems are new members of the RECONS 10 pc sample for which the first accurate trigonometric parallaxes are published here: DENIS J1048-3956 (4.04 ± 0.03 pc), GJ 1128 (LHS 271, 6.53 ± 0.10 pc), GJ 1068 (LHS 22, 6.97 ± 0.09 pc), and GJ 1123 (LHS 263, 9.02 ± 0.16 pc). In addition, two red subdwarf–white dwarf pairs, LHS 193AB and LHS 300AB, are identified. The white dwarf secondaries fall in a previously uncharted region of the H-R diagram.

THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD. XXI. PARALLAX RESULTS FROM THE CTIOPI 0.9 m PROGRAM: 20 NEW MEMBERS OF THE 25 PARSEC WHITE DWARF SAMPLE

We present accurate trigonometric parallaxes for 20 new members of the 25 pc white dwarf (WD) sample as part of the Discovery and Evalution of Nearby Stellar Embers (DENSE) project.7 http://www.DenseProject.com Previously, there were a total of 112 WD systems with trigonometric parallaxes placing them within 25 pc and of these, 99 have trigonometric parallaxes known to better than 10%. Thus, the 20 new members presented in this work represent a 20% increase in the number of WDs accurately known to be within 25 pc. In addition, we present updated parallaxes for seven known WDs within 10 pc that have been observed as part of the Astrometric Search for Planets Encircling Nearby Stars initiative to monitor nearby southern red dwarfs and WDs for astrometric perturbations from unseen companions. Including a few WD companions and WDs beyond 25 pc, we present a total of 33 trigonometric parallaxes. We perform atmospheric modeling for WDs to determine physical parameters (i.e., T eff, log g, mass, and WD age). Finally, a new ZZ Ceti pulsating WD was identified and revised constraints are placed on two mixed H/He atmosphere cool WDs that display continuum absorption in the near-infrared.

The Solar Neighborhood. XIV. Parallaxes from the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Parallax Investigation—First Results from the 1.5 m Telescope Program

Trigonometric parallaxes, proper motions, and VJ(RI)KC photometry are presented for 31 stars targeted by the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Parallax Investigation (CTIOPI), a program of wide scope aimed at discovering and characterizing nearby stars. The data given are the first that have been obtained with the CTIO 1.5 m telescope, targeting a fainter subset of the CTIOPI input list. We present the first trigonometric parallaxes for 21 systems, of which one is within 10 pc (LP 647-013 at 9:59 � 0:22 pc) and six are between 10 and 25 pc. Concurrently with our Cerro Tololo 0.9 m program, we have determined parallaxes for DEN 1048� 3956 and LTT 6933 that place them at 4:00 � 0:03 and 16:24 � 0:43 pc from the Sun, respectively. We also present an improved parallax for the important nearby triple system GJ 2005ABC, placing it at 7:72 � 0:15 pc from the Sun. The remaining seven parallaxes are for calibration stars, whose values indicate that our results agree well with other parallax determinations. We present color-magnitude and color-color diagrams that, in combination with theoretical isochrones from the literature and other derived properties of the observed sample, have aided the identification of the general nature of each of our targets. We have in this way discovered five new subdwarfs and several very low mass stars, a few of which may be brown dwarfs.

THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD. XVI. PARALLAXES FROM CTIOPI: FINAL RESULTS FROM THE 1.5 m TELESCOPE PROGRAM

Trigonometric parallaxes, proper motions and VJ(RI)KC photometry are given for 25 stars (of which one is a zero-parallax control field) targeted by the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Parallax Investigation (CTIOPI), a widely scoped program aimed at discovering and characterizing nearby stars. The trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions presented are the last that were obtained with the CTIO 1.5 m telescope, which targeted the fainter subset of the CTIOPI input list. First trigonometric parallaxes are given for 22 systems, of which one is within 10 pc (DENIS 0255-4700), and 10 of which are between 10 and 25 pc. At a distance of 4.97 ± 0.10 pc, and with a spectral type of L7.5 V, DENIS 0255-4700 is now the closest known L dwarf. In addition, with MV = 24.44, it is the faintest dwarf with a measured absolute visual magnitude. We present preliminary trigonometric parallaxes for five additional systems worthy of follow-up, and VRIJHKS photometry and photometric distance estimates for four of them. We also give photometry and distance estimates for 21 other promising targets in our input list for which definitive trigonometric parallaxes were not possible; 13 are likely to be closer than 25 pc. We also present color-magnitude and color-color diagrams, which, in combination with theoretical isochrones from the literature, tangential velocities, and MR and MJ, have aided to identify the general nature of each of our targets. We have in this way discovered one new (spectroscopically confirmed) subdwarf and two suspected extreme subdwarfs that could be among the most extreme cases of these objects. We have also identified several very low mass stars, a few of which could be brown dwarfs. This concludes the CTIOPI 1.5 m program, from which we have derived a total of 69 trigonometric parallaxes (55 definitive, 6 preliminary, and 8 calibration).

Star counts in the Hubble Deep Field: constraining galactic structure models

Stellar sources are identified in the Hubble Deep Field, and accurate colours and magnitudes are presented. The predictions of a Galactic starcounts model are compared with the faint stellar counts in this field. The model reproduces the observations very well in the magnitude range 21.0 +11.0, or a stellar density 0.4 times that of the disc white dwarfs in the solar-neighborhood.

The lack of close binaries among hot horizontal branch stars in NGC 6752

Aims. We present the results of a spectroscopic search for close binaries among horizontal branch (HB) stars in NGC 6752. Methods. We used the ESO VLT-FORS2 instrument to obtain medium resolution (R = 4100) spectra of 51 hot HB stars with 8000 K ≤ Teff ≤ 32 000 K during four consecutive nights. Eighteen of our targets are extreme horizontal branch (EHB) stars with Teff ≥ 22 000 K. Radial velocity variations were measured with cross-correlation techniques, previously evaluated the statistical and systematic errors associated with them. Results. No close binary system has been detected among our 51 targets. The data corrected for instrumental effects indicate that the radial velocity variations are always below ≈15 km s −1 (3σ level). From a statistical analysis of our results, we conclude that (at 95% confidence

No evidence for a dark matter disk within 4 kpc from the Galactic plane

We estimated the dynamical surface mass density (?) at the solar Galactocentric distance between 2 and 4?kpc from the Galactic plane, as inferred from the observed kinematics of the thick disk. We find ?(z = 2 kpc) = 57.6 ? 5.8?M ??pc?2, and it shows only a tiny increase in the z range considered by our investigation. We compared our results with the expectations for the visible mass, adopting the most recent estimates in the literature for contributions of the Galactic stellar disk and interstellar medium, and proposed models of the dark matter distribution. Our results match the expectation for the visible mass alone, never differing from it by more than 0.8?M ??pc?2 at any z, and thus we find little evidence for any dark component. We assume that the dark halo could be undetectable with our method, but the dark disk, recently proposed as a natural expectation of the ?CDM models, should be detected. Given the good agreement with the visible mass alone, models including a dark disk are less likely, but within errors its existence cannot be excluded. In any case, these results put constraints on its properties: thinner models (scale height lower than 4?kpc) reconcile better with our results and, for any scale height, the lower-density models are preferred. We believe that successfully predicting the stellar thick disk properties and a dark disk in agreement with our observations could be a challenging theoretical task.