Renganathan Giridharan

The comfort, energy and health implications of London's urban heat island

The urban heat island (UHI) is a well-known effect of urbanisation and is particularly important in world megacities. Overheating in such cities is expected to be exacerbated in the future as a result of further urban growth and climate change. Demonstrating and quantifying the impact of individual design interventions on the UHI is currently difficult using available software tools. The tools developed in the LUCID (‘The Development of a Local Urban Climate Model and its Application to the Intelligent Design of Cities’) research project will enable the related impacts to be better understood, quantified and addressed. This article summarises the relevant literature and reports on the ongoing work of the project. Practical applications: There is a complex relationship between built form, urban processes, local temperature, comfort, energy use and health. The UHI effect is significant and there is a growing recognition of this issue. Developers and planners are seeking advice on design decisions at a variety of scales based on scientifically robust, quantitative methods. The LUCID project has thus developed a series of tools that (1) quantify the effect of urbanisation processes on local environmental conditions, and (2) quantify the impact of such conditions on comfort, energy use and health. The use of such tools is vital, both to inform policy but also to be able to demonstrate compliance with it.

Heating and cooling degree day prediction within the London urban heat island area

This paper describes the London Site Specific Air Temperature prediction model, which comprises of a suite of artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict site-specific hourly air temperature within the Greater London Area (GLA). The model was developed using a back-propagation ANN model based on hourly air temperature measurements at 77 fixed temperature stations (FTS) and hourly meteorological data (off-site variables) from Heathrow; it also includes six on-site variables calculated for each FTS. The temporal and spatial validity of the model was tested using data measured 7 years later from the original dataset, which include new FTS locations. It was found that site-specific hourly air temperature prediction is within accepted range and improves considerably for average daily and monthly values. Therefore, the model can be used with confidence to predict daily and seasonal variations of air temperature within the GLA and in particular for the calculation of monthly and annual heating degree days (HDD) and cooling degree hours (CDH). It was found that as expected HDD increase and CDH decrease with distance from the urban heat island centre point; however, all variations cannot be explained with distance and six key on-site variables namely aspect ratio, surface albedo, plan density ratio, green density ratio, fabric density ratio and thermal mass have been identified to explain the remaining variation. Practical applications: Research studies have confirmed the extent of Urban Heat Island (UHI) within many cities in Europe. Studies have also confirmed the impact of the UHI on energy demand by buildings. There is therefore need to consider this in the design of building by using site-specific external temperatures in the energy calculations for urban buildings. This paper describes the development of a model, which can generate site-specific air temperature in a large number of locations in London. The models predictions can be used for the calculation of HDD and CDH for any base temperature across London using any Heathrow weather file for a specific year, design years or future climate years; such values can be used for the calculation of site specific building heating and cooling loads.

Resilience of ‘Nightingale’ hospital wards in a changing climate:

The National Health Service (NHS) Estate in England comprises more than 30u2009Mm2 with 18.83u2009Mm2 of acute hospital accommodation on 330 sites. There is concern about the resilience of these buildings in a changing climate, informed by the experience of recent heatwaves. However, the widespread installation of air conditioning would disrupt the achievement of ambitious energy reduction targets. The research project ‘Design and Delivery of Robust Hospital Environments in a Changing Climate’ is attempting to estimate the resilience of the NHS Estate on the basis of current and projected performance, using an adaptive comfort model. This paper presents results relating to a 1920s traditionally built block with open ‘Nightingale’ wards, a representative type. The paper demonstrates the relative resilience of the type, and illustrates a series of light-touch measures that may increase resilience while saving energy. Practical application: The results presented in this paper will be of value to NHS Trusts: Estates staff charged with operating buildings as well as Boards and others involved in decision-making. It will also find an audience with policymakers in central government and the Department of Health, as well as those who own, operate or are tasked with working on non-domestic buildings with heavy traditional construction.

Policies for implementing multiple intensive land use in Hong Kong

The entire Hong Kong SAR acts as a network ofprimary, secondary and tertiary MultipleIntensive Land Use (MILU) zones linked byrelatively cheap and speedy public transport.The MILU forms of Hong Kong have been developedas an efficient design response within a smallcity-state to population growth and shortages of buildable land. However, planning guidelines and development control instruments and policies have promoted public and private sectorcooperation and achieved a high degree ofintegration of residential, commercial and other uses. This paper discusses the design approaches in Hong Kong and examines the basic characteristics of the Hong Kong model of mixed-use development, planning mechanism and relevant policies.

The Reality of Well-Being-Focused Design in Dementia Care: A Case Study of Acute Dementia Wards in the United Kingdom

Objective: The study explored design for well-being within dementia care by investigating the adoption of well-being-focused design in real-world practice, through observing National Health Service (NHS) wards. Background: Design for well-being is an approach that considers the psychological and physiological effects of architecture to improve health and well-being. The high psychological care requirement for dementia patients makes them a significant group to study in the evaluation of current hospital facilities. Methods: A literature review was conducted to frame the current theoretical perception of the key characteristics of a good environment for dementia care. A framework was generated to summarize and used as an assessment tool in a series of observational visits to NHS wards. Interviews with clinical staff focused on care outcomes and practicalities of implementing well-being-focused design, considering the historical and economical context. Key findings from the observations and interviews were analyzed for recurring themes. Results: The ward observations and interviews provided insight into the current progression of well-being-led design in NHS hospitals in England. The research highlights key areas of success and factors that inhibit further progression. Conclusions: The case studies showed a good degree of ambition to utilize well-being-focused design, with belief among staff that the physical environment has a substantial role in the health and well-being of patients. Staff also felt that this approach is most effective for those in the less advanced stages of dementia. Despite the high level of support, the current degree of implementation appears to be varied.

Application of Soft Landings in the Design Management process of a non-residential building

ABSTRACT A study into the design processes involved in Soft Landings is an important aspect to realising energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in buildings. Previous Soft Landings papers have focused mainly on post occupancy evaluations and aftercare. No comprehensive study has been attempted with respect to Soft Landings at the design stage. In response to this gap, this paper investigates the application of Soft Landings during the design stage of a central government building in London. It provides an insight into the working processes of a Soft Landings design team and its interaction with other team members and end users. Information from interviews with the design team, minutes of meetings, walk-through in the designed spaces were used to explore how design decisions were reached. It highlights the role the Soft Landings Champion played to ensure that the environmental sustainability objectives of the project were carried from design to construction. The paper also explains the fundamentals of Soft Landings and its potential as a client-driven management tool. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications of the result to designers, contractors and clients.

Urban Climate Modelling: Challenges in the Tropics

Among the places worst hit by climate change are areas of high urban growth in the warm, humid tropics of Asia and Latin America. In these places, the global trend of rapid urbanisation and conditions of local warming compound the effects of climate change. n nThis three-part book explores the unique local climate consequences of urban growth trajectories of tropical cities and provides strategies and design approaches to enhance the quality of life of tropical urban dwellers in the face of urban warming. Part One considers the philosophical basis of the climate challenge in this context and investigates tropical urbanism from the viewpoints of urban activity patterns and the notion of thermal pleasure. Part Two explores specific, practical techniques in enhancing ventilation, shading and greenery as well as the challenges in local climate assessment in the tropics. Part Three explores the barriers and future opportunities for climate-sensitive urban planning and presents specific examples of good practice, contextualized within the wider global debate on adapting to climate change. Urban Climate Challenges in the Tropics is an indispensable companion for planners, designers, architects and students of all levels.