Ressy Dwiyanti

Multi-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Profiling of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Isolates from Blood Cultures and Gallbladder Specimens from Makassar, South-Sulawesi, Indonesia

Multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis differentiated 297 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi blood culture isolates from Makassar in 76 genotypes and a single unique S. Typhi genotype was isolated from the cholecystectomy specimens of four patients with cholelithiasis. The high diversity in S. Typhi genotypes circulating in Makassar indicates that the number of carriers could be very large, which may complicate disease prevention and control.

Sccmec type II gene is common among clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Jakarta, Indonesia.

BackgroundCommunity Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a strain of MRSA that can cause infections in patients in the community, in which these patients had no previous risk factors for MRSA infection and the patient received 72 hours prior to infection when admitted to hospital. This study aims to determine and compare the characteristics of epidemiological, clinical, and molecular biology of CA-MRSA with HA-MRSA.MethodsA total of 11 clinical strains of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin-sensitive Stapylococcus aureus (MSSA) were collected from 2 hospitals in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2012. SCCmec typing was performed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the presence of six genes (vraR, vraG, vraA, vraF,fruA, and fruB) associated with vancomycin resistance was examined by simple PCR analysis.ResultsWe found three strains of community-acquired MRSA with SCCmec type II and one strain of hospital-acquired MRSA with SCCmec type IV. The other seven strains did not contain mecA genes and SCCmec. Plasmid pUB110 was found in one strain of community-acquired MRSA and two strains of hospital-acquired MRSA. vraA genes were present in 9 of the 11 strains, vraF in 4, vraG in 5, and vraR in 4. Note worthily, three quarters of strains without pUB110 contained vraR and vraF, and 70% contained vraA, whereas 60% of strains with pUB110 contained vraG.ConclusionBased on these results, we should be concerned about the possibility of transition from MRSA strains sensitive to vancomycin in VISA strains of MRSA strains obtained in clinical trials. But first we need to look the existence of natural VISA or hVISA among these MRSA strains.

Risk Factors of Typhoid Infection in the Indonesian Archipelago

Background Knowledge of risk factors and their relative importance in different settings is essential to develop effective health education material for the prevention of typhoid. In this study, we examine the effect of household level and individual behavioural risk factors on the risk of typhoid in three Indonesian islands (Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Papua) in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago encompassing rural, peri-urban and urban areas. Methods We enrolled 933 patients above 10 years of age in a health facility-based case-control study between June 2010 and June 2011. Individuals suspected of typhoid were tested using the typhoid IgM lateral flow assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever followed by blood culture testing. Cases and controls were defined post-recruitment: cases were individuals with a culture or serology positive result (n = 449); controls were individuals negative to both serology and culture, with or without a diagnosis other than typhoid (n = 484). Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of household level and individual level behavioural risk factors and we calculated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of removing each risk significant independent behavioural risk factor. Results Washing hands at critical moments of the day and washing hands with soap were strong independent protective factors for typhoid (OR = 0.38 95% CI 0.25 to 0.58 for each unit increase in hand washing frequency score with values between 0 = Never and 3 = Always; OR = 3.16 95% CI = 2.09 to 4.79 comparing washing hands with soap sometimes/never vs. often). These effects were independent of levels of access to water and sanitation. Up to two thirds of cases could be prevented by compliance to these practices (hand washing PAF = 66.8 95% CI 61.4 to 71.5; use of soap PAF = 61.9 95%CI 56.7 to 66.5). Eating food out in food stalls or restaurant was an important risk factor (OR = 6.9 95%CI 4.41 to 10.8 for every unit increase in frequency score). Conclusions Major gains could potentially be achieved in reducing the incidence of typhoid by ensuring adherence to adequate hand-washing practices alone. This confirms that there is a pivotal role for ‘software’ related interventions to encourage behavior change and create demand for goods and services, alongside development of water and sanitation infrastructure.

Comparison of acid fast bacilli (AFB) smear for Mycobacterium tuberculosis on adult pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and without type 2 DM

Background According to the Global Tuberculosis Report 2015, Indonesia ranked as second country in the world with the highest number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases. By 2015, the number of pulmonary TB new cases in Indonesia has increased to 330.910 cases of 2014 where 324.539 cases. DM is one of the most important factors that influence the occurrence worsening TB. Now is known that DM patients have bodys immune response disorder thereby facilitating M. tuberculosis infection and causing TB. Method This research is cross sectional design. The sample in this research are adult pulmonary TB patients at General Hospital Grade C period October 1, 2013–March 31, 2016 as much as 225 patients. Result AFB smear results in patients with type 2 DM with smear 3 + was 14 (17.28%), 2 + was 15 (18.52%), 1 + was 15 (18.52%) and negative (−) was 37 (45.68%). AFB smear results in patients without type 2 DM with smear 3 + was 3 (2.08%), 2 + was 6 (4.17%), 1 + was 19 (13.19%), negative (−) was 112 (77.78%) and have no sputum was 4 (2.78%). Number of adult pulmonary TB patients were 225 patients. Of the 225 patients, found 81 patients with type 2 DM and 144 patients without type 2 DM. Conclusion AFB smear positive found more in adult pulmonary TB patients with type 2 DM compared to TB patient without type 2 DM. It also found statistically significant between type 2 DM with the AFB smear results on adult pulmonary TB patients.

A review: Worldwide medicinal plants for typhoid fever

Typhoid fever, an enteric disease caused by Salmonella typhi, plays an important role of global health matter, contributing to the economic encumbrance in most developed countries. Even more, antibiotic resistance has ensued in Salmonella entericainfection. These health problems have proposed a broad struggle towards more study for new source of antimicrobial products especially from medicinal plants due to more profitable. This study reviews medicinal plants related to the typhoid fever and their mechanisms of antimicrobial action. The investigation for this review were established via the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, online Science Direct, Science and Technology Index. Practically 26 medicinal plants from 23 families used for typhoid fever in worldwide countries were reported. Most of them are originated from African continent, Pakistan and India. Antisalmonella activity was mostly identified by in vitro (MIC and MBC). Generally, the chemical compounds contained in the plants are alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, phenols, glycosides, steroid and terpenoid. Their mechanisms of actions are mediation of solute transport inhibition in membranes, affecting the phospholipid membranes of bacterial cell wall, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis and inducing microbial cell membrane disruption. These results redound to the alternative and complementary medication of typhoid fever.

Change of TGF-β1 Gene Expression and TGF-β1 Protein Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Identification of Plaque Bacteria in a Patient with Recurrent Localized Gingival Enlargement before and after Gingivectomy

This case report highlights the change of TGF-β1 gene expressions and TGF-β1 protein level in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and identification of plaque bacteria in a patient with recurrent localized gingival enlargement before and after gingivectomy treatment. A 26-year-old woman came to AG Dental Care Clinic, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, in October 2015 with a chief complaint that her gingiva often bled spontaneously and she felt pain on her gingiva and felt less comfortable and no self-confidence with her anterior and posterior gingival condition on the right maxilla region which is slightly larger than normal. She often felt that her gingiva could bleed spontaneously when she was talking or remains silent though. The patient is disturbed by the malodor she felt. At that moment, the patient sought for gingivectomy treatment. Three years afterward, the patient came back with the same complaint. Gingival crevicular fluid has been taken from the gingival sulcus before and after gingivectomy. Clinical and GCF follow-up examination was performed one week and three weeks after gingivectomy, and successful results on biological, functional, and aesthetic parameters were observed.