Richard Field

Costs of Urban Stormwater Control

This paper presents information on the cost of stormwater pollution control facilities in urban areas, including collection, control, and treatment systems. Information on prior cost studies of control technologies and cost estimating models used in these studies was collected, reviewed, and evaluated. The collection phase involved identifying, screening, and consolidating publications associated with capital costs of stormwater conveyance systems and control technologies. The resulting data were evaluated to develop a critical review of costs for urban stormwater control technologies, including identification of cost information gaps and research needs.

Advanced Drainage Concepts Using Green Solutions for CSO Control — The KC Approach

Advanced design concepts such as Low Impact Development (LID) and Green Solutions (or upland runoff control techniques) are currently being encouraged by the U.S.EPA (EPA) as a management practice to contain and control stormwater at the lot or upland residential parcel level. These controls have shown that when implemented and maintained properly, they can increase retention at the runoff source — decreasing the runoff volume entering the drainage system and the demand on a drainage system. Both developed storm and combined sewersheds can benefit from the added storage from areas retrofitted with bioretention cells or rain gardens and other management, e.g., catchbasin retrofits or curb-cuts with tree planting. This paper documents an effort by the U.S. EPA to demonstrate the efficacy of implementing integrated, green infrastructure-based solutions to wet- weather flow pollution problems in and urban core neighborhood within a combined sewer system. The project involves local and regional efforts to provide the basis for success of the implementation of green infrastructure and stormwater management at the neighborhood, watershed, and regional levels. Specifically, the project will demonstrate the strategy and methodology for where and how attainment of Green Solutions will be implemented, including model support, within Kansas City, Missouri.

Role of Stream Restoration on In-Stream Water Quality in an Urban Watershed-A Case Study

This study addresses the effectiveness of stream bank and channel restoration techniques on improving benthic macroinvertebrate indices and in-stream water quality within an urban watershed. The project involved monitoring before and after restoration of 1,800 linear feet of degraded stream channel in the North Fork of Accotink Creek in the City of Fairfax, Virginia. Restoration, which was completed in June 2006, included installation of native plant materials along the stream and bioengineering structures to stabilize the stream channel and bank. These actions were intended to restore the stream channel to a stable condition, thereby reducing stream bank erosion and sediment loads in the stream. In-stream samples were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological (macroinvertebrates, bacterial indicators) parameters to document the changes in stream quality as a result of the restoration. The preliminary results of the sampling and monitoring are summarized in the paper.