Richard Raymond

Biodiversité : les services écosystémiques et la nature en ville

Unfortunately, it is common to oppose nature and cities. This oversimplification gets in the way of acquiring knowledge about the conditions necessary for the conservation of biodiversity in anthropic environments. The objective of this paper is to go beyond the crude opposition between city and nature and highlight the complexity of the relationships that urban environments have with nature. We first show that cities and nature form two closely intertwined systems and have done so ever since cities came into being. We go on to distinguish two different ways of looking at nature in cities: the perspective that sees nature objects as part of the street furniture and another that sees nature from the angle of biodiversity. By way of conclusion, we discuss three important issues relating to the management of that biodiversity.

Making Space for Disorder in the Garden: Developing Biophilia to Conciliate Aesthetics and Biodiversity

As part of the current wave of environmental awareness, inhabitants in the heart of the Paris agglomeration are increasingly being made aware of pro-biodiversity gardening techniques. But can certain practices such as keeping spontaneous vegetation in one’s garden be reconciled with the type of relationship inhabitants have with—and more specifically their representations of—this space? Inhabitants develop a multifaceted relationship with their gardens in which nature (in its broadest sense), visual order and aesthetics occupy a central role. The functions and usages attributed to the garden condition gardening practices whereby inhabitant-gardeners demand regular upkeep of these spaces so as to keep nature “in order”. Within these multidimensional relationships, we categorise those respondents who base their interest in gardens around a specific focus on the living world as “biophiles”. Gardens in the heart of the Parisian agglomeration may therefore appear to be spaces that favour interaction between inhabitants and certain entities that they perceive from the living world. Also, these individuals have a less orderly and controlled conception of vegetation in their gardens than the other people interviewed. “Biophiles” are therefore more tolerant of spontaneous vegetation than other individuals because this laissez-faire attitude fits both with their relationship to their garden and their own aesthetic representation of this space. This means that domestic gardens can support a specific relationship with ordinary biodiversity underpinned by gardening practices that are more in phase with living matter.