Rick H. Hoyle

Structural equation modeling: concepts, issues, and applications

Foreword - Kenneth A Bollen Preface - Rick H Hoyle The Structural Equation Modeling Approach - Rick H Hoyle Basic Concepts and Fundamental Issues Model Specification - Robert C MacCallum Procedures, Strategies, and Related Issues Estimates and Tests in Structural Equation Modeling - Chih-Ping Chou and Peter M Bentler Structural Equation Models with Nonnormal Variables - Stephen G West, John F Finch and Patrick J Curran Problems and Remedies Evaluating Model Fit - Li-tze Hu and Peter M Bentler Statistical Power in Structural Equation Modeling - David Kaplan Objectivity and Reasoning in Science and Structural Equation Modeling - Stanley A Mulaik and Lawrence R James One Application of Structural Equation Modeling from Two Perspectives - Barbara M Byrne Exploring the EQS and LISREL Strategies Writing about Structural Equation Models - Rick H Hoyle and Abigail T Panter Latent Variable Models for Multitrait-Multimethod Data - Herbert W Marsh and David Grayson Sex-Race Differences in Social Support and Depression in Older Low-Income Adults - Jane A Scott-Lennox and Richard D Lennox Modeling the Relation of Personality Variables to Symptom Complaints - Jay G Hull, Judith C Tedlie and Daniel A Lehn The Unique Role of Negative Affectivity Predictors of Change in Antisocial Behavior during Elementary School for Boys - Mike Stoolmiller, Terry E Duncan and Gerald Patterson

Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking

Abstract We developed a self-report measure of sensation seeking, a dispositional risk factor for various problem behaviors. In two studies, we administered the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS) to more than 7000 adolescents. Study 1 participants completed a paper-and-pencil form of the BSSS in mass-testing sessions. Psychometric analyses of the resultant data revealed suitable item characteristics and internal consistency of responses to the items across age (13–17 years), sex, and ethnic categories. Study 2 participants, who completed the BSSS individually in an interview format, also provided data on their perceptions of and experiences with licit and illicit drugs as well as a series of additional risk and protective factors. Scores on the full BSSS correlated inversely with negative attitudes toward drug use and positively with drug use; sensation seeking as measured by the BSSS was a particularly strong predictor of the intention to try marijuana in the future. BSSS scores were reliably and predictably associated with other risk and protective factors.

Personality and sexual risk taking : A quantitative review

Findings from a quantitative review of the empirical research literature on normal personality and sexual risk taking are reported. The review focuses on domains identified in major models of normal personality representing the psychobiological and taxonomic perspectives. Focal sexual risk-taking behaviors were number of partners, unprotected sex, and high-risk sexual encounters (e.g., sex with a stranger). A comprehensive search produced 53 studies relevant to the review. A striking feature of the results is the paucity of research on domains of normal personality and sexual risk taking for all domains other than sensation seeking, which accounted for 64% of the effect sizes. The preponderance of studies (81%) took the psychobiological perspective and were published since 1990 (75%). Among the substantive findings were effects for sensation seeking, impulsivity, and agreeableness on all sexual risk-taking behaviors considered. Additionally, there were effects on specific behaviors for neuroticism and conscientiousness. The implications of these findings for future research on normal personality and sexual risk taking are discussed.

Individual-Group Discontinuity as a Function of Fear and Greed

Two studies tested the schema-based distrust interpretation of the tendency of intergroup relations to be more noncooperative (or competitive) than interindividual relations. According to this interpretation, anticipated competitiveness rationally leads to noncooperativ eness or defensive withdrawal. Thus, the postulated motivation is fear of the other groups competitive intent. Study 1 was a nonexperimental investigation in which discussion of distrust of another group was assessed and correlated with the number of cooperative choices. As predicted, the greater the within-group discussion of distrust for the other group, the less the number of cooperative choices. Study 2 was an experimental investigation that included as independent variables intergroup versus interindividual relations and PDG matrix versus PDG-Alt matrix (PDG matrix plus a third Alt or withdrawal, choice producing intermediate outcomes regardless of the opponents choice). As predicted, there were more withdrawal choices on the PDG-Alt matrix for groups than for individuals. However, it was still found that on the PDG-Alt matrix (where a safe withdrawal choice is possible), groups competed more than individuals.

The Perils of Partialling: Cautionary Tales From Aggression and Psychopathy

Although a powerful technique, the partialling of independent variables from one another in the context of multiple regression analysis poses certain perils. The present article argues that the most important and underappreciated peril is the difficulty in knowing what construct an independent variable represents once the variance shared with other independent variables is removed. The present article presents illustrative analyses in a large sample of inmates (n =696) using three measures from the psychopathy and aggression fields. Results indicate that in terms of relations among items on a single scale and relations between scales, the raw and residualized scores bore little resemblance to one another. It is argued that researchers must decide to which construct—the one represented by the original scale or the one represented by the residualized scale—conclusions are meant to apply. Difficulties in applying the conclusions to the residualized scale are highlighted and best practices suggested.

Peace and War Trajectories of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Before, During, and After Military Deployment in Afghanistan

In the study reported here, we examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in 746 Danish soldiers measured on five occasions before, during, and after deployment to Afghanistan. Using latent class growth analysis, we identified six trajectories of change in PTSD symptoms. Two resilient trajectories had low levels across all five times, and a new-onset trajectory started low and showed a marked increase of PTSD symptoms. Three temporary-benefit trajectories, not previously described in the literature, showed decreases in PTSD symptoms during (or immediately after) deployment, followed by increases after return from deployment. Predeployment emotional problems and predeployment traumas, especially childhood adversities, were predictors for inclusion in the nonresilient trajectories, whereas deployment-related stress was not. These findings challenge standard views of PTSD in two ways. First, they show that factors other than immediately preceding stressors are critical for PTSD development, with childhood adversities being central. Second, they demonstrate that the development of PTSD symptoms shows heterogeneity, which indicates the need for multiple measurements to understand PTSD and identify people in need of treatment.

Motives and Perceived Consequences of Nonmedical ADHD Medication Use by College Students Are Students Treating Themselves for Attention Problems

Objective: This study examines why college students without a prescription take ADHD medication, what they perceive the consequences of this to be, and whether attention problems are associated with this behavior. Method: More than 3,400 undergraduates attending one public and one private university in the southeastern United States completed a Web-based survey. Results: Nonmedical ADHD medication use in the prior 6 months was reported by 5.4% of respondents and was positively associated with self-reported attention difficulties. Enhancing the ability to study was the most frequent motive reported; nonacademic motives were less common. Students perceived nonmedical use to be beneficial despite frequent reports of adverse reactions. Conclusion: Students without prescriptions use ADHD medication primarily to enhance academic performance and may do so to ameliorate attention problems that they experience as undermining their academic success. The academic, social, and biomedical consequences of illicit ADHD medication use among college students should be researched further. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 13(3) 259-270)

Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Publisher Summary Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a statistical strategy specifically designed to identify and explore hypothetical constructs as manifest in fallible indicators. The allure of CFA over other approaches to the study of hypothetical constructs is the capacity for testing detailed hypotheses in a deductive mode. Moreover, CFA models can be incorporated directly into general structural equation modeling (SEM) that includes directional relations among hypothetical constructs. It is noted that the central concern of CFA is modeling factors, sometimes referred to as latent variables. Factors are influences that are not directly measured, but account for commonality among a set of measurements. Recent developments in technical aspects of estimation and testing coupled with widely accessible and user-friendly software have rendered CFA more popular and appealing than ever. However, with the increased accessibility of CFA comes a responsibility to understand the conditions under which CFA is appropriately applied and the factors relevant to interpretation of CFA results.

The Misuse and Diversion of Prescribed ADHD Medications by College Students

Objective: This study assesses the misuse and diversion of prescribed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications. Method: One hundred fifteen students, attending two universities, with prescriptions for ADHD medications completed a Web survey in spring 2007. Results: Eighty-nine of 115 students (69%) used their ADHD medications as prescribed, whereas 36 (31%) had misused during college by taking larger or more frequent doses than prescribed or by using someone else’s medication. Nine students (8%) reported intranasal use during the previous 6 months, and 30 (26%) had diverted medications to peers. Misuse was associated with impulsivity and with other substance use. Enhancing the ability to study outside of class was students’ primary motive for misuse, but nonacademic reasons were also reported. Students who misused ADHD medications generally felt that doing so was helpful. Conclusions: Although most students use their ADHD medication as prescribed, misuse and diversion is not uncommon. Because enhancing academic performance was the primary motive for misuse, the results raise questions about whether undergraduates with ADHD perceive their treatment as adequate and the extent to which physicians and students communicate about issues related to medication adjustments. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 13(2) 144-153)

Handbook of personality and self-regulation

About the Editor viii List of Contributors ix Preface xii 1 Personality and Self-Regulation 1 Rick H. Hoyle Part I Temperament and Early Personality 19 2 Relations of Self-Regulatory/Control Capacities to Maladjustment, Social Competence, and Emotionality 21 Nancy Eisenberg, Natalie D. Eggum, Julie Sallquist, and Alison Edwards 3 Delay of Gratification: A Review of Fifty Years of Regulation Research 47 Renee M. Tobin and William G. Graziano 4 Self-Regulation as the Interface of Emotional and Cognitive Development: Implications for Education and Academic Achievement 64 Clancy Blair, Susan Calkins, and Lisa Kopp 5 Exploring Response Monitoring: Developmental Differences and Contributions to Self-Regulation 91 Jennifer M. McDermott and Nathan A. Fox Part II Personality Processes 115 6 Self-Regulation Processes and Their Signatures: Dynamics of the Self-System 117 Carolyn C. Morf and Stephan Horvath 7 Self-Regulation and the Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits 145 Robert R. McCrae and Corinna E. Lockenhoff 8 Self-Determination Theory and the Relation of Autonomy to Self-Regulatory Processes and Personality Development 169 Christopher P. Niemiec, Richard M. Ryan, and Edward L. Deci 9 Interest and Self-Regulation: Understanding Individual Variability in Choices, Efforts, and Persistence Over Time 192 Carol Sansone, Dustin B. Thoman, and Jessi L. Smith 10 Goal Systems and Self-Regulation: An Individual Differences Perspective 218 Paul Karoly 11 Acting on Limited Resources: The Interactive Effects of Self-Regulatory Depletion and Individual Differences 243 C. Nathan DeWall, Roy F. Baumeister, David R. Schurtz, and Matthew T. Gailliot Part III Individual Differences 263 12 Working Memory Capacity and Self-Regulation 265 Malgorzata Ilkowska and Randall W. Engle 13 Regulatory Focus in a Demanding World 291 Abigail A. Scholer and E. Tory Higgins 14 Self-Efficacy 315 James E. Maddux and Jeffrey Volkmann 15 Dealing with High Demands: The Role of Action Versus State Orientation 332 Nils B. Jostmann and Sander L. Koole 16 The Cybernetic Process Model of Self-Control: Situation- and Person-Specific Considerations 353 Eran Magen and James J. Gross 17 Modes of Self-Regulation: Assessment and Locomotion as Independent Determinants in Goal Pursuit 375 Arie W. Kruglanski, Edward Orehek, E. Tory Higgins, Antonio Pierro, and Idit Shalev 18 The Costly Pursuit of Self-Esteem: Implications for Self-Regulation 403 Jennifer Crocker, Scott Moeller, and Aleah Burson 19 Self-Regulation of State Self-Esteem Following Threat: Moderation by Trait Self-Esteem 430 Michelle R. vanDellen, Erin K. Bradfield, and Rick H. Hoyle 20 Individual Differences in Approach and Avoidance: Behavioral Activation /Inhibition and Regulatory Focus as Distinct Levels of Analysis 447 Timothy J. Strauman and Wilkie A. Wilson 21 Hypo-egoic Self-Regulation 474 Mark R. Leary, Claire E. Adams, and Eleanor B. Tate Author Index 498 Subject Index 524