Rika Raffiudin

Morphometric analysis and biogeography of Apis koschevnikovi Enderlein (1906)

Multivariate morphometric analyses were performed on workers of Apis koschevnikovi from throughout their distribution in Malaysia, Borneo and Indonesia. Principal component analysis showed one morphocluster comprising bees from Kalimantan Indonesia, Sarawak, Sabah and the Malay Peninsula. The population is more homogeneous than A. cerana over the same geographical area, as seen from the average coefficient of variation in 12 characters in A. koschevnikovi (1.8%) compared to those same characters in A. cerana (4.3%). A. koschevnikovi is delimited to the tropical evergreen forest regions of Sumatera, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula (Fig. 1). The altitudinal distributions show that A. koschevnikovi extends from sea level to about 1600 m. This significantly differs from A. nuluensis but not A. cerana. It appears that the range of A. koschevnikovi is diminishing because it is now either poorly represented or absent in several areas where it has been previously recorded.ZusammenfassungAn Arbeiterinnen von Apis koschevnikovi aus deren gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet in Südostasien wurden multivariate morphometrische Analysen durchgeführt. Siebenundzwanzig morphologische Merkmale der Arbeiterinnen wurden nach der Methode von Ruttner (1988) vermessen, die verwendeten Merkmale enthielten Größenmessungen und Flügelwinkel. Hieraus wurden acht Hauptkomponenten abgeleitet, die insgesamt 78,7 % der Variation in den Daten repräsentierten. Die multivariaten Analysen der Proben von A. koschevnikovi zeigten klar, dass die Art aus einem einzigen anhand von nur 12 morphologischen Merkmalen abgrenzbaren Morphokluster zusammengesetzt ist.Die Hauptkomponentenanalyse zeigte einen die Bienen von Sumatra, Borneo und der malayischen Halbinsel enthaltenden Morphokluster (Abb. 2 und 3). Die Population ist einheitlicher als die von A. cerana in dem gleichen Verbreitungsgebiet. Dies kann aus dem Vergleich der mittleren Varianzkoeffizienten von 12 gleichen Merkmalen ersehen werden, der bei A. koschevnikovi 1,8 %, bei A. cerana aber 4,3 % beträgt.Die Höhenverteilung zeigt, dass von den 102 erfassten Fundorten von A. koschevnikovi 96 % niedriger als 1200 m und 4 % zwischen 1200 und 2700 m lagen (Tab. I und zusätzliches elektronisches Onlinematerial zur Verteilung von A. koschevnikovi auf Grundlage aller publizierter Nachweise). Diese Höhenverteilung ist nicht unterschiedlich von der sympatrischen A. cerana (χ2 = 6,9, df = 3, P = 0,0764). Sie ist aber signifikant verschieden von der Höhenverteilung der geographisch sympatrischen A. nuluensis, für die bisher nur drei Fundorte bekannt sind, die alle über 3000 m liegen (χ2 = 104,0, df = 3, P < 0,0001).In zahlreichen Exkursionen im tropischen Regenwald über die letzten 10 Jahre in Thailand, Myanmar, Kambodscha and Vietnam konnte die Art A. koschevnikovi nicht nachgewiesen werden, ihr Vorkommen ist auf die Region des immergrünen Regenwaldes von Sundaland begrenzt (Abb. 1). Anscheinend ist das Verbreitungsgebiet von A. koschevnikovi im Schwinden, da diese in einigen Gebieten, in denen sie früher gefunden wurde, nun nur geringfügig vertreten ist oder vollständig fehlt.

Biologi Penggerek Batang Jagung Ostrinia Furnacalis Guenée Yang Diberi Pakan Buatan

Ostrinia furnacalis is a corn stem-borer that develops complete metamorphosis and all stages in life cycle in corn. This research was aimed to examine several biology aspects of O. furnacalis such as life cycle, egg incubaton period, egg fertility, female fecundity, longevity of imago, and copulation time on artificial diet, based on the previous study. The results of the observations showed that the life cycle of artificial-diet-given O. furnacalis was between 27-34 days range. Female fecundity was 16-452 eggs with fertility rate of 61,97% and 3-5 days renge of egg incubation period. Longevity of imago was between 6-11 days range, and the longevity was longer in female compared to the male. The imago of O. furnacalis copulate on 0-3 days after emerge from pupae and the highest number in on the day 1. Copulation time was occurred at 3-8 hour after scotophase commenced and the highest was at third hour. The artificial diet used in this research can be used for O. furnacalis mass rearing purpose and performed shorter length of egg stage until pupal stage compared to mass rearing with natural diet.

Cultural homegarden management practices mediate arthropod communities in Indonesia

Tropical forest loss and transformation to agroecosystems have serious impacts on biodiversity, associated ecosystem services and the livelihood of local people. The high crop plant biodiversity and low intensity management in many homegardens could play an important role in the preservation of biodiversity in modified landscapes, as well as sustain food security of low income households. In this study, we focused on the role of the owner’s cultural background as migrants (from the island of Java) or non-migrants (local residents) for homegarden characteristics, such as size, management diversification, and crop species richness, and their effect on arthropod communities in Jambi province, Indonesia. Vane traps, pitfall traps and sweep netting were used to survey the arthropod communities, in particular bees and wasps, in 24 homegardens. Our results show that the native Jambi locals used a smaller number of management practices and had smaller homegardens than the Javanese transmigrants, whereas crop species richness did not differ. Management diversification and crop species richness were positively related to arthropod abundance as well as species richness of bees and wasps, presumably due to the enhanced homegarden heterogeneity. Our findings suggest that the cultural practices of migrant versus non-migrant land-use managers, which is usually neglected in agroecology, can be a major determinant of management practices shaping community structure and services of beneficial arthropods.