Tri Atmowidi

Morphometric analysis and biogeography of Apis koschevnikovi Enderlein (1906)

Multivariate morphometric analyses were performed on workers of Apis koschevnikovi from throughout their distribution in Malaysia, Borneo and Indonesia. Principal component analysis showed one morphocluster comprising bees from Kalimantan Indonesia, Sarawak, Sabah and the Malay Peninsula. The population is more homogeneous than A. cerana over the same geographical area, as seen from the average coefficient of variation in 12 characters in A. koschevnikovi (1.8%) compared to those same characters in A. cerana (4.3%). A. koschevnikovi is delimited to the tropical evergreen forest regions of Sumatera, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula (Fig. 1). The altitudinal distributions show that A. koschevnikovi extends from sea level to about 1600 m. This significantly differs from A. nuluensis but not A. cerana. It appears that the range of A. koschevnikovi is diminishing because it is now either poorly represented or absent in several areas where it has been previously recorded.ZusammenfassungAn Arbeiterinnen von Apis koschevnikovi aus deren gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet in Südostasien wurden multivariate morphometrische Analysen durchgeführt. Siebenundzwanzig morphologische Merkmale der Arbeiterinnen wurden nach der Methode von Ruttner (1988) vermessen, die verwendeten Merkmale enthielten Größenmessungen und Flügelwinkel. Hieraus wurden acht Hauptkomponenten abgeleitet, die insgesamt 78,7 % der Variation in den Daten repräsentierten. Die multivariaten Analysen der Proben von A. koschevnikovi zeigten klar, dass die Art aus einem einzigen anhand von nur 12 morphologischen Merkmalen abgrenzbaren Morphokluster zusammengesetzt ist.Die Hauptkomponentenanalyse zeigte einen die Bienen von Sumatra, Borneo und der malayischen Halbinsel enthaltenden Morphokluster (Abb. 2 und 3). Die Population ist einheitlicher als die von A. cerana in dem gleichen Verbreitungsgebiet. Dies kann aus dem Vergleich der mittleren Varianzkoeffizienten von 12 gleichen Merkmalen ersehen werden, der bei A. koschevnikovi 1,8 %, bei A. cerana aber 4,3 % beträgt.Die Höhenverteilung zeigt, dass von den 102 erfassten Fundorten von A. koschevnikovi 96 % niedriger als 1200 m und 4 % zwischen 1200 und 2700 m lagen (Tab. I und zusätzliches elektronisches Onlinematerial zur Verteilung von A. koschevnikovi auf Grundlage aller publizierter Nachweise). Diese Höhenverteilung ist nicht unterschiedlich von der sympatrischen A. cerana (χ2 = 6,9, df = 3, P = 0,0764). Sie ist aber signifikant verschieden von der Höhenverteilung der geographisch sympatrischen A. nuluensis, für die bisher nur drei Fundorte bekannt sind, die alle über 3000 m liegen (χ2 = 104,0, df = 3, P < 0,0001).In zahlreichen Exkursionen im tropischen Regenwald über die letzten 10 Jahre in Thailand, Myanmar, Kambodscha and Vietnam konnte die Art A. koschevnikovi nicht nachgewiesen werden, ihr Vorkommen ist auf die Region des immergrünen Regenwaldes von Sundaland begrenzt (Abb. 1). Anscheinend ist das Verbreitungsgebiet von A. koschevnikovi im Schwinden, da diese in einigen Gebieten, in denen sie früher gefunden wurde, nun nur geringfügig vertreten ist oder vollständig fehlt.

Pollen Load and Flower Constancy of Three Species of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae)

The genera of stingless bees play an important role as pollinators of plants. These bees are actively involved in the pollination of agricultural crops and known to have preferences in selecting flowers to pollinate. The aims of this study were to analyse the pollen load and flower constancy in Tetragonula laeviceps, Lepidotrigona terminata, and Heterotrigona itama. Each individual of species stingless bees collected and was put in a 1.5 mL micro-tube contain 0.5 mL 70% ethanol:glycerol (4:1). Pollen loads on each individual of stingless bees was counted by hemocytometer. Flower constancy of stingless bees was measured based on percentage of pollen type loaded on the body. Results showed that the pollen loads of H. itama was the highest (31392 pollen grains) followed by L. terminata (23017 pollen grains) and T. laeviceps (8015 pollen grains). These species also demonstrated different flower constancy, T. laeviceps on Poaceae flowers (76.49%), L. terminata on Euphorbiaceae flowers (80.46%), and H. itama on Solanaceae flowers (83.33%).

Land-use change on Mount Gede, Indonesia, reduced native earthworm populations and diversity

Abstract. The conversion of natural forest to agroforestry plantations and annual cropping systems alters the soil habitat and food resources for biota, including earthworms. Native earthworm species may disappear whereas exotic species with greater tolerance of disturbance and less niche specialisation may thrive. The objective of the study was to compare the earthworm diversity in managed forest and agroforestry systems, which were cultivated for mixed plantation and annual crop production on Mount Gede, Indonesia. All the habitats in the study area were impacted by humans. The forest habitat was a managed forest, with a permanent tree cover, whereas mixed plantation had a partial shrub cover. Meanwhile, homogenous plantation was cultivated with annual crops. Among 3787 individuals collected during July–October 2012, five Oriental earthworm species were identified in the soil communities of Mount Gede: Drawida nepalensis, Notoscolex javanica, Pheretima pura-group, Polypheretima moelleri, and Polypheretima sempolensis. Also, 18 species were found that are reported to be non-Oriental in origin. Anthropogenic disturbance of forests on Mount Gede, due to conversion into plantations, alters the earthworm environment by increasing soil water content, temperature and total phosphorous content, while decreasing organic carbon. N. javanica was the only native species to survive this deforestation, while the exotic Ocnerodrilus occidentalis and Pontoscolex corethrurus thrived, becoming the eudominant species. From the forest area to the mixed and homogenous plantations, the predicted decreasing diversity is evidenced by the lowering trend of Shannon’s diversity index. In conclusion, the land-use change into mixed plantations and annual croplands has reduced earthworm diversity in this region of Mount Gede, Indonesia.

KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN KELIMPAHAN ORTHOPTERA(INSECTA) DI GUNUNG KENDENG DAN GUNUNG BOTOL, TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG HALIMUN, JAWA BARAT, INDONESIA*[Diversity and Abundance of Orthoptera (Insect) at Gunung Kendeng and Gunung Botol, Gunung Halimun National Park, We

Studi taksonomi jamur di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun (TNGH) belum dilakukan dengan intensif.Sebanyak 35 jenis Agarics dikoleksi dari kawasan TNGH meliputi 23 marga dan 9 suku.Kekayaan keanekaragaman jamur ini diperoleh dari eksplorasi di 3 lokasi yaitu Cikaniki, Gunung Botol dan Gunung Telaga (Ciptarasa).Sejumlah sampel belum teridentifikasi karena karakter yang belum jelas.Oleh karena itu, jumlah jenis-jenis baru dari eksplorasi ini belum dapat diketahui.Fifty strains of Bacillus sp. isolated from Gunung Halimun National Park (GHNP) were characterized. All strains are characterized by amylase, protease, phosphatase, ligninase, and cellulase activity.Thirtyseven isolates gave positive reaction for amylase activity, 46 isolates for protease activity, 3 isolates for phosphatase activity, 3 isolates for ligninase activity, and 36 isolates for cellulose activity.These findings indicates that Bacillus sp. that isolated from GHNP is a potential microbe for enzymes technology and biotechnology application.Fish fauna survey were conducted in Cimadur, Ciujung and Ciberang Rivers. From these studies six fishes species were found as additional record for fishes living in Gunung Halimun National Park and its adjacent area. This finding brings the fish species living at this park to be sixty.In this record, it includes Cypriniid fishes that attain large size: Barbodes balleroides and Osteochilus hasseltii, found in the segment of the middle of R. Ciujung (18.3 m asl).The fieldworks for inventory and collection on mammals in Gunung Halimun National Park (OHNP) had been carried out for long time; however the works only focused on the areas belong to Bogor District. Therefore, the fieldwork was carried out in the buffer zone of the GHNP in Lebak District.The fieldwork had collected 70 numbers consisted of 16 species of mammals, of which five species were new records for GHNP and of those five species, two species (Glischropus javanus and Myotis sp.)were new collection for the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense-Research Center for Biology-The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI).The Baduy people were noticed to hunt fruit-bats from some caves for their food.It was suggested a monitoring activity on the utilization of fruit-bats should be conducted for the conservation of the fruit-bats.Further fieldwork outside the Bogor District in the future should also be considered, particularly on the area along the river.