Robert L. Engle

Entrepreneurial intent: A twelve‐country evaluation of Ajzen's model of planned behavior

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the ability of Ajzens Theory of Planned Behavior to predict entrepreneurial intent in 12 countries representing all ten of the global regional clusters as identified in the GLOBE project. Design/methodology/approach – Ajzens model was operationalized to address entrepreneurial intent and a questionnaire was developed consisting of previously used scales, as well as a new measure of entrepreneurial autonomy. A total of 1,748 usable questionnaires were collected from university business students in 12 countries. Findings – The results suggest that Ajzens model of planned behavior, as operationalized in this study, does successfully predict entrepreneurial intent in each of the study countries, although as foreseen by Ajzen, the significant contributing model elements differ by country as does the percent of the variance explained by the model, although one model element, social norms, was a significant predictor of entrepreneurial intent in each country. Originality/value – This is the first paper to provide insight to the role of cognition in the entrepreneurial process by examining a model of planned behavior in countries representing all global regional culture clusters. The paper also provides guidance for future entrepreneurial research and individual development of entrepreneurs.

The impact of international experience on cultural intelligence: an application of contact theory in a structured short-term programme

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of a short-term international experience, which is designed to address the conditions outlined in Allport’s (Allport, G.W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. New York: Perseus Book Group) contact hypothesis, on each of the four factors which make up cultural intelligence (CQ). A sample of 135 university students was broken up into test and control groups. The results for the test group suggest that the short-term experience ranging from 7 to 12 days within a structured study abroad service programme, including modest pre-trip preparation, found a significant increase in each of the four factors of CQ. At the same time, there was no significant change in the control group. Implications for human research development research and practice as well as limitations and suggested areas for future research are discussed.

INSTITUTIONS AND ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENT: A CROSS-COUNTRY STUDY

This study examines a number of proposed relationships between formal and informal institutional factors that impact the entrepreneurial intent (EI) of 477 university business students in Germany, Russia and the United States, as well as similarities and differences in these relationships between countries. This is the first study, of which we are aware, to develop an instrument to measure the impact of formal institutional factors on EI based upon the World Banks Doing Business Report. Overall, the results give only minor support for the influence of formal institutional factors on EI with the greater impact appearing to come from the informal institutions of need, social norms and parental experience. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The Role of Social Influence, Culture, and Gender on Entrepreneurial Intent

Abstract This study examines the impact of the social influence of family, friends, and role models on entrepreneurial intent, as well as effects of parental entrepreneurial experience on entrepreneurial intent. It also examines how these social norms when combined with gender and national culture influence entrepreneurial intent. While finding significant variances between countries, using a sample of 2,164 university students from 14 countries, this study concludes that each of the three individual factors which comprise Ajzens (1991) social norms contribute at a significant level to entrepreneurial intent across all countries, with the presence of parental experience contributing a small additional degree explanatory power. Culture is also found to influence entrepreneurial intent, with gender egalitarianism significantly impacting in particular the entrepreneurial intent of women.

Antecedents of Cross-Cultural Adaptation Stress in Short-Term International Assignments

ABSTRACT This study examines the role of cultural intelligence, perceived language fluency, and number of previous international experiences during a short-term international community service project in a foreign country. Based on a sample of 171 undergraduate and graduate students, the findings suggest that motivational cultural intelligence significantly impacted lowering cross-cultural adaptation stress levels experiences during short-term trips, while perceived language ability significantly increased stress levels. In addition, the control variables of age and gender were also found to significantly impact stress levels. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Foreign Travel Experience and Cultural Intelligence: Does Country Choice Matter?

The purpose of this study was to examine the degree to which a specific time-based country experience outside of the subject’s native regional cultural cluster, would be able to explain the subject’s level of cultural intelligence. Using a sample of 143 subjects, the results suggest individuals who have identified the country within which they have spent the most total time to be a non-Anglo country had developed a higher level of cultural intelligence than demographically similar U.S. citizens in the sample who spent their most significant amount of time in an Anglo cluster country. In addition, it was found that those subjects within the Anglo culture cluster group who traveled internationally but spent the greater amount of time in a foreign Anglo culture country (i.e., non-USA), did not significantly differ in three of the four cultural dimensions from those who never traveled outside of the USA. These results suggest country choice can make a difference.

Culture and a Cascading Model of Emotional Intelligence: An Exploratory Analysis

Originality We contribute to the existing literature by examining the mechanism through which culture influences the different facets of emotional intelligence and whether and how the different facets affect each other. The proposed influence of culture on a cascading model of emotional intelligence provides a more detailed and nuanced understanding of the mechanism and the pathways in which culture affects emotional intelligence.