Robert L. Kahn

Organizational stress : studies in role conflict and ambiguity

Wolfe; Robert P. Quinn; J. Diedrick Snoek; Robert A. Rosenthal Review by: Harry Levinson Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 1, Special Issue on Professionals in Organizations (Jun., 1965), pp. 125-129 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. on behalf of the Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2391654 . Accessed: 17/06/2014 01:25

Socioeconomic status and health: the challenge of the gradient.

Socioeconomic status (SES) is consistently associated with health outcomes, yet little is known about the psychosocial and behavioral mechanisms that might explain this association. Researchers usually control for SES rather than examine it. When it is studied, only effects of lower, poverty-level SES are generally examined. However, there is evidence of a graded association with health at all levels of SES, an observation that requires new thought about domains through which SES may exert its health effects. Variables are highlighted that show a graded relationship with both SES and health to provide examples of possible pathways between SES and health end points. Examples are also given of new analytic approaches that can better illuminate the complexities of the SES-health gradient.

The dynamics of interviewing : theory, technique, and cases

The dynamics of interviewing; theory, technique, and cases , The dynamics of interviewing; theory, technique, and cases , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)

Age and structural lag : society's failure to provide meaningful opportunities in work, family, and leisure

Partial table of contents: THE DILEMMA OF STRUCTURAL LAG. Structural Lag: Past and Future (M. Riley & J. Riley). Opportunities, Aspirations, and Goodness of Fit (R. Kahn). DIRECTIONS OF CHANGE. Social Structure and Age-Based Careers (J. Henretta). Work and Retirement: A Comparative Perspective (M. Kohli). Family Change and Historical Change: An Uneasy Relationship (T. Hareven). Old Age and Age Integration: An Anthropological Perspective (J. Keith). CURRENT INTERVENTIONS: OLDER WORKERS. Realizing the Potential: Some Examples (W. McNaught). Changing Policy Signals (R. Burkhauser & J. Quinn). Endnote: The Reach of an Idea (A. Foner). Indexes.

Well–Being: Concepts and Measures

Well–being, or quality of life, is a continuing goal for individuals and a major criterion for the evaluation of governments and societies. As a research concept, however, it has been marked by persisting problems of definition and measurement and by uncertainties about its changing pattern over the life course. In this article, these issues are discussed; the concept of well–being is “unpacked” and a model of stocks and flows is described as applicable to the analysis of well–being. Finally, the concept of resilience is proposed as important for research on well–being in relation to age.

Successful Aging 2.0: Conceptual Expansions for the 21st Century

THE MacArthur model of successful aging encompasses three principal components: low risk of disease and disease-related disability; maintenance of high mental and physical function; and continued engagement with life, which includes relations with others and productive activity, either paid or volunteered. In the 27 years since we first articulated the core principles of the model, it has received sustained attention in gerontological theory, empirical research, and practice (Rowe & Kahn, 1987, 1997, 1998). Thousands of articles have been written on the concept and its components, and more than 100 variations of the original model have been proposed. Some of these variations call for a greater emphasis on social factors that may influence the capacity for successful aging (Riley, 1999); others propose a more subjective definition of the concept itself and greater attention to individuals’ perceptions of their own aging and the effects of earlier life experiences. The importance of antecedent events as determinants of successful aging is emphasized in the suggestion that the model incorporate a life-course perspective. The model’s far reach and impact also is reflected in the establishment of successful aging centers at several universities, including Rowan University in New Jersey, the University of Toledo in Ohio, and California State University in Fullerton. The model is not without its critics, however. In fact, the number and variety of critiques has become so large that Martinson and Berridge (2015, 4), in a special issue of The Gerontologist dedicated to the concept of successful aging, divided them into four distinct categories. The missing voices critique, which accounted for 45% of published critiques, calls for greater consideration of subjective components of successful aging; add and stir (25%) calls for other expansions to the model; hard hitting (20%), demands a more inclusive definition of successful aging and avoidance of “stigma and discrimination” of those not aging well; and new frames and names (10%), which attempts to correct or replace a perceived Western cultural bias in the MacArthur model. Masoro’s (2001) early condemnation of the MacArthur model as misleading and deserving of abandonment is a minority view. Rachel Pruchno, editor-in -chief of the Gerontologist, calls for developing consensus about what successful aging is and how it should be measured by building on current empirical and theoretical work. (Pruchno, 2015). In the same issue Stowe and Cooney (2015) conclude that “the popularity of the model in the mainstream literature and its extensive use in scientific inquiry warrants modification over disposal.” We embrace this continued and intense dialogue, and hope it leads to strengthening the model and informing future empirical research. A recent suggestion for pursuing both of these goals was proposed by Silverstein (2015), who noted that social and behavioral scientists should recognize more fully the potential value of information on biomarkers and genetics as predictors of successful aging. This view is in sharp contrast with the concerns of some early critics, who felt that the model was too biomedical. In fact, the MacArthur Research Network on Successful Aging was, from its inception, an interdisciplinary group. In 1984, the foundation officers assembled a group of 16 scholars from various disciplines relevant to aging and invited us to develop the conceptual basis for a “new gerontology.” Our assignment was to “gather the knowledge needed to improve older Americans’ physical and mental health.” In a field that was then dominated by measures of central tendency and neglect of variability, our network was immediately interested in the distinction between “usual” and “better than usual” aging. And at some point in the group discussions, “better than usual” became “successful.” Both the concept and the model of successful aging were the product of our sustained interdisciplinary collaboration and conversations. We recognize, however, that important discipline-based theories of well-being have developed both alongside and following the development of the successful aging model. For example, Paul Baltes’s selection-optimization-compensation (SOC) model (Baltes & Smith, 2003) is psychologybased, as is Carstensen’s (1992) socioemotional selectivity theory. These important psychologically based models, both of which are life-course oriented, emphasize the “how” of successful aging whereas the MacArthur model emphasized the “what.”

Successful Aging and Disease Prevention

Substantial increases in the relative and absolute number of older persons in our society pose a challenge for biology, social and behavioral science, and medicine. Successful aging is multidimensional, encompassing the avoidance of disease and disability, the maintenance of high physical and cognitive function, and sustained engagement in social and productive activities. Research has identified factors predictive of success in these critical domains. Two additional research domains, resilience and wisdom, are suggested, and a national initiative in health promotion and disease prevention is proposed.

The Forms of Women’s Work

This paper has four aims: (1) to propose the concept of productive activity as an alternative to conventional definitions of work, (2) to compare the patterns of productive activity of men and women throughout the life course, (3) to consider factors associated with those patterns as hypothetical causes or effects, (4) to discuss some implications of these findings for policy, especially with respect to national statistics.

Organizations and nation-states : new perspectives on conflict and cooperation

PrefaceThe Authors 1. Organizational Theory and International Relations: Mutually Informing Paradigms(Robert L. Kahn) Part 1: Structures of Interdepedence 2. Contracts, Treaties, and Joint Ventures(Gerald F. Davis, Robert L. Kahn, Mayer N. Zald) 3. Cooperative Security Regimes: Preventing International Conflicts(David R. Mares, Walter W. Powell) Part 2: Processes of Conflict and Cooperation 4. Accounting for Escalation: Organizatons and the Arms Race(Gerald F. Davis, Walter W. Powell) 5. Untying the Knot: De-Escalatory Processes in International Conflict(Robert L. Kahn, Roderick M Kraner) 6. Strategic Choice in Conflicts: The Importance on Relationships(Leonard Greenhalgh, Roderick M. Kramer) 7. Transforming Failure into Success: Spin Control in the Iceland Arms Control Talks(Robert I. Sutton, Roderick M. Kramer) Part 3. Decision and Control 8. Reducing Avoidable Errors: A New Framework for Policy-Making and Crisis Management(Irving L. Janis) 9. Decision Rules, Decision Styles, and Policy Choices(Fritz W. Scharpf) 10. Loss of Control: Problems of Nuclear Command(Richard N. Lebow, Mayer N. Zald) Conclusion: The Analogy of Organizations as Nation-States(Mayer N. Zald) Name IndexSubject Index.

Bureaucratic Encounters— An Evaluation of Government Services

The authors have evaluated government services in terms of bureaucratic encounters-the service-seeking transactions reported by 1,431 American adults. Reactions to such transactions are discussed as a joint product of the characteristics of the client and those of the agency. The implications of these client reactions for more general social and political questions are explored. Because so much of individual well-being depends upon serviceseeking transactions, the authors propose that their quality and satisfactoriness should be regarded as social indicators, and included among the measures of the quality of contemporary life.