Robert L. Nagel

Function-based, biologically inspired concept generation

Abstract The natural world provides numerous cases for inspiration in engineering design. Biological organisms, phenomena, and strategies, which we refer to as biological systems, provide a rich set of analogies. These systems provide insight into sustainable and adaptable design and offer engineers billions of years of valuable experience, which can be used to inspire engineering innovation. This research presents a general method for functionally representing biological systems through systematic design techniques, leading to the conceptualization of biologically inspired engineering designs. Functional representation and abstraction techniques are used to translate biological systems into an engineering context. The goal is to make the biological information accessible to engineering designers who possess varying levels of biological knowledge but have a common understanding of engineering design. Creative or novel engineering designs may then be discovered through connections made between biology and engineering. To assist with making connections between the two domains concept generation techniques that use biological information, engineering knowledge, and automatic concept generation software are employed. Two concept generation approaches are presented that use a biological model to discover corresponding engineering components that mimic the biological system and use a repository of engineering and biological information to discover which biological components inspire functional solutions to fulfill engineering requirements. Discussion includes general guidelines for modeling biological systems at varying levels of fidelity, advantages, limitations, and applications of this research. The modeling methodology and the first approach for concept generation are illustrated by a continuous example of lichen.

Exploring the Use of Functional Models in Biomimetic Conceptual Design

The biological world provides numerous cases for analogy and inspiration. From simple cases such as hook and latch attachments to articulated-wing flying vehicles, nature provides many sources for ideas. Though biological systems provide a wealth of elegant and ingenious approaches to problem solving, there are challenges that prevent designers from leveraging the full insight of the biological world into the designed world. This paper describes how those challenges can be overcome through functional analogy. Through the creation of a function-based repository, designers can find biomimetic solutions by searching the function for which a solution is needed. A biomimetic functionbased repository enables learning, practicing, and researching designers to fully leverage the elegance and insight of the biological world. In this paper, we present the initial efforts of functional modeling biological systems and then transferring the principles of the biological system to an engineered system. Four case studies are presented in this paper. These case studies include a biological solution to a problem found in nature and engineered solutions corresponding to the high-level functionality of the biological solution, i.e., a housefly’s winged flight and a flapping wing aircraft. The case studies show that unique creative engineered solutions can be generated through functional analogy with nature. DOI: 10.1115/1.2992062 The designs of the biological world allow organisms to survive in nearly all of earth’s challenging environments filling niches from under-sea volcanic vents, tundras both frozen and desolate, poisonous salt flats, and deserts rarely seeing rain. Nature’s designs are the most elegant, innovative, and robust solution principles and strategies allowing for life to survive many of the earth’s challenges. Biomimetic design aims to leverage the insight of the biological world into the engineered world, but because of numerous challenges, biomimetic design is still undeveloped as a method for formal concept generation. Allowing design engineers’ formal and full access to the solution principles and strategies of the biological world remains beyond current methods and knowledge. Many challenges prevent immediate adoption of designing via biological inspiration including 1 a lack of equivalent engineering technologies, 2 a knowledge gap between designers and biologists, and 3 unawareness of analogous biological systems. Significant effort and time are required to become a competent engineering designer, which creates an equally significant obstacle to becoming sufficiently knowledgeable about biological systems to effectively execute biomimetic design. Formal design based on functional modeling and concept generation methods 1–9 provides a unique opportunity to extend biomimetic design to meet the challenges thwarting the adoption into formal engineering design practices. The generation of functional models based on what a product must do instead of how it will be accomplished provides designers with many benefits such as explicit correlation with customer needs, comprehensive understanding of the design problem, enhanced creativity through abstraction, and innovative concept generation focused on answering what must be done 7,8. Design based on functional modeling provides designers with the freedom to consider the functionality of analogous biological systems without the burden of technological feasibility, and when applied with automated concept generation techniques based on predefined and expandable knowledge bases such as a design repository, biological systems may be explored without the need for advanced training in biological sciences. The representation of products by function has enabled the creation of design repositories allowing designers to access solution principles that are outside their personal knowledge or expertise 10–13. The ability of functional representation to allow designers to access such design information is a key impetus toward the extension of biomimetic design through the method of functional modeling. If biological inspiration requires designers to have extensive knowledge of biological systems, then the insight of the biological world will never be fully accessible to engineering design. The objectives of the research presented in this paper are to functionally explore biological systems to discover the knowledge needed to enable a function-based biomimetic design repository. First, a brief summary of previous work in biomimetic design is provided. Next, the research methodology that was followed to generate the case studies found in Sec. 4 of this paper is discussed. Finally, conclusions reached thus far in this research are discussed as well as a summary of the direction for future work to be completed.

Function Design Framework (FDF): Integrated Process and Function Modeling for Complex Systems

Functional models are representations of the energy, material and signal transformations that occur through the expected or normal operating condition of a product. As the complexity of products increases, there are often multiple dimensions to their operation in addition to their nominal operating state, e.g., crash protection systems in a car or laser leveling and stud finding combined in a single tool. Here system state is used to represent the different operational dimensions of a product, and a representation scheme that allows designers to fully explore system functionality of products with multiple system states is explored. Previous work in process and functional analysis is integrated to better represent complex systems with multi-dimensional system functionality. Process and functional modeling are integrated to produce a new function design framework supporting user-defined fidelity of hierarchical models for functional representation. An example modeling a complete automobile life cycle illustrates the development of integrated process and functional models within a complex system analysis.Copyright

EXPLORING THE USE OF FUNCTIONAL MODELS AS A FOUNDATION FOR BIOMIMETIC CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

The natural world provides numerous cases for analogy and inspiration. From simple cases such as hook and latch attachments to articulated-wing flying vehicles, nature provides many sources for ideas. Though biological systems provide a wealth of elegant and ingenious approaches to problem solving, there are challenges that prevent designers from leveraging the full insight of the biological world into the designed world. This paper describes how those challenges can be overcome through functional analogy. Through the creation of a function-based repository, designers can find biomimetic solutions by searching the function for which a solution is needed. A biomimetic function-based repository enables learning, practicing and researching designers to fully leverage the elegance and insight of the natural world. In this paper, we present the initial efforts of functional modeling natural systems and then transferring the principles of the natural system to an engineered system. Four case studies are presented in this paper. These case studies include a biological solution to a problem found in nature and engineered solutions corresponding to the high level functionality of the biological solution, i.e., a fly’s winged flight and a flapping wing aircraft. The case studies show that unique, creative engineered solutions can be generated through functional analogy with nature.Copyright

Process and event modelling for conceptual design

Abstractions perform a fundamental role during product design, freeing a problem from reality into a representation more readily represented with engineering principles. Functional modelling provides such a representation for product design where customer needs are translated into a representation of elementary operations defining what a product must do to achieve a desired goal. With solely the generation of a functional model, the designer, however, runs the risk of failing to explicitly capture expected interactions and operations of the product as a whole. To that end, this paper presents a process modelling methodology consisting of model levels for the representation of product-related events and configurations based on current functional modelling techniques. Being based on functional modelling allows process modelling to integrate with functional modelling during conceptual design activities. The levels for the process model then collectively define customer needs related to how a product will be used, environments where a product will operate and changes that a product must undergo to meet customer expectations. To demonstrate the generation of event and configuration models, a common household product is investigated; this is followed by a case study discussion where process modelling is applied during the design of two ground robots.

A Process Modeling Methodology for Automation of Manual and Time Dependent Processes

Traditional functional modeling methodologies tend to look at the decomposition of a physical artifact, system, or subsystem, but these techniques are just as applicable to processes, manual operations, and human-centric procedures. A process, when decomposed into its most basic tasks and events, resembles the products traditionally modeled using functional modeling. The aim of this paper is to present a methodology to model such processes utilizing functional modeling techniques. Process models allow for the mapping of an operation to ensure desired outputs are achieved at specific times (or after certain time durations), goals are met, critical paths are followed, and efficiency is increased. The proposed process modeling methodology is further explored as a tool to understand and identify what elements of a manual or human centric process may be automated or solved by some other engineering solution.Copyright

The Integration of Sustainability, Systems, and Engineering Design in the Engineering Curriculum at James Madison University

In order for our future engineers to be able to work toward a sustainable future, they must be versed not only in sustainable engineering but also in engineering design. An engineering education must train our future engineers to think flexibly and to be adaptive as it is unlikely that their future will have them working in one domain. They must, instead, be versatilists. The School of Engineering at James Madison University has been developed from the ground up to provide this general engineering training with an emphasis on engineering design, systems thinking, and sustainability. Students take courses in math and science, business and liberal arts, engineering science, sustainability, and design. In this paper, we discuss how sustainability is taught in a multi-context perspective through the School’s curriculum and pedagogy. We do not mean to present the School’s approach as an all or nothing model, but instead as a collection of approaches of which hopefully one or more may be appropriate at another university.Copyright

FUNCTIONCAD: A FUNCTIONAL MODELING APPLICATION BASED ON THE FUNCTION DESIGN FRAMEWORK

This paper presents a functional modeling application, FunctionCAD, based on integrated functional and process modeling within the Function Design Framework. FunctionCAD provides for mixed, hierarchical models of environment, process and function with relationships represented via flows of material, energy and signal. This paper discusses the technical details of the FunctionCAD software including its two major components: (1) the library, libFCAD, for handling the internal representation of the model and (2) the GUI for user-based model manipulation and visualization. The application of FunctionCAD within a computational, function-based conceptual design process is discussed along with the plugin manager and interface that have been developed as a part of the FunctionCAD software to allow interconnectivity with existing conceptual design tools. And finally, a detailed description of model creation within the FunctionCAD environment is provided to illustrate software operability.Copyright

An Investigation Into the Effectiveness of an Algorithmic Approach to Teaching Functional Modeling

The consideration of function is prevalent across numerous domains as a technique allowing complex problems to be abstracted into a form more readily solvable. In engineering design, functional models tend to be of a more generalized nature describing what a system should do based on customer needs, target specifications, objectives, and constraints. While the value of function in engineering design seems to be generally recognized, it remains a difficult concept to teach to engineering design students. In this paper, a study on the effectiveness of an algorithmic approach for teaching function and functional model generation is presented. This paper is a follow-up on to the 2012 ASME IDETC paper, An Algorithmic Approach to Teaching Functionality. This algorithmic approach uses a series of grammar rules to assemble function chains which then can be aggregated into a complete functional model. In this paper, the results of a study using the algorithmic approach at Texas A&M in a graduate level design course are presented. The analysis of the results is discussed, and the preliminary evidence shows promise toward supporting our hypothesis that the algorithmic approach has a positive impact on student learning.Copyright

Integration of a Client-Based Design Project Into the Sophomore Year

Often engineering design instruction based on real-world, client-based projects is relegated to a final year capstone course. The engineering program at James Madison University (JMU), however, emphasizes these real-world, client-based design experiences, and places them throughout our six-course engineering design sequence. Our six-course design sequence is anchored by the sophomore design course sequence, which serves as the cornerstone to the JMU engineering design sequence. The cornerstone experience in the sophomore year is meant to enable mastery through both directed and non-directed learning and exploration of the design process and design tools. To that end, students work in both small (4–5) and large (9–11) teams to complete a year-long design project. The course project is woven with instruction in engineering design theory and methodology; individual cognitive processes, thinking, and communication skills; decision making; sustainable design; problem solving; software; and project management.Students’ overarching task during the first semester is to follow the first two phases of the engineering design process—Planning and Concept Generation—while in the second semester, students work to reiterate on the first two phases of the engineering design process before prototyping, testing, and refining a design for the client. The project culminates with the students demonstrating their final product to the client, University, and local community.Our goal in this paper is to present our model for integrating real-world, client-based design projects into the sophomore year to facilitate meaningful design experiences across the curriculum. We believe that providing these experiences early and often not only challenges students on multiple dimensions, but also exposes them, and consequently better prepares them, for their eventual role as a practicing engineer. In this paper, we shall describe the sophomore design course sequence, the history and details of the course project, and also key learning outcome gains.© 2012 ASME