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Dive into the research topics where Robert Wesley Bates is active.

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Featured researches published by Robert Wesley Bates.


Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1932

A New Hormone of the Anterior Pituitary

Oscar Riddle; Robert Wesley Bates; Simon W. Dykshorn

Riddle and Braucher 1 showed that the effective stimulus for the enlargement and functioning (formation of “crop-milk”) of the crop-glands of pigeons is a substance derivable from the anterior hypophysis only; and the luteinizing substance derived from pregnant urine is not that substance. They were unable to decide “whether the principle activating the crop-gland is the growth, the sex maturity, or a third and now unknown anterior pituitary hormone.” We have now shown (a) that the principle which evokes the crop-gland response is a third anterior pituitary hormone, and (b) have identified this same hormone, which we shall here call “Prolactin” as the hitherto undefined pituitary principle which is essential for lactation in mammals. To prepare this hormone relatively free from the growth and gonad-stimulating principles frozen anterior pituitaries of beef or sheep were ground, defatted with acetone and alcohol and dried. This powder was extracted 3 times in aqueous medium at a pH of approximately 2.5. The acid extracts were precipitated isoelectrically. The isoelectric precipitate was redissolved and reprecipitated 3 times to free it of maturity hormone and then dried with acetone. About 10% of the original weight of dried powder is thus obtained in an acid-soluble isoelectric-insoluble form. The addition (to suspensions) of 0.2% cresol to complete the destruction of the growth principle does not markedly affect the “Prolactin”. Assays of several of our preparations, and some of the growth and gonad-stimulating extracts of others, have been made on immature common pigeons and ring doves of both sexes. Table I shows only a part of data from male ring doves. The crop-gland response is equally decisive in either species and sex; the gonadstimulating response is more pronounced in males. Neither species has been adequately tested as to its suitability for the assay of the growth hormone; we therefore show here the absence of the “Prolactin” effect from growth hormone preparations of Drs. M. O. Lee and M. K. Schaffer, Boston, who kindly supplied very potent samples assayed on hypophysectomized rats.


Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1935

Maternal Behavior Induced in Virgin Rats by Prolactin

Oscar Riddle; Ernest L. Lahr; Robert Wesley Bates

Summary In virgin rats aged 67-81 days, with ovaries stimulated by Prolan or F.S.H. administration during 5 days, the injection of purified and previously heated prolactin induced maternal behavior in 6 of 10 rats after 6-10 injections. Previous conditioning by concaveation was limited to a single 12-hour period in 4 of these rats. The maternal instinct, in somewhat varying degrees, was exhibited by all these rats while the daily subcutaneous injections were in progress. Six of 7 rats of the control and F.S.H. injected groups, all showing little or no maternal behavior during a 25-day test, later developed or greatly accentuated their maternal behavior after 1 to 8 days treatment with prolactin. Four rats which showed no maternal behavior under prolactin also later failed to show such behavior after repriming and 13 days of administration of unfractionated pituitary extract. Prolactin is the anterior pituitary hormone specifically concerned in the activation of maternal behavior in virgin rats.


Diabetes | 1968

Plasma Glucose Levels in Normal and Adrenalectomized Mice Treated with Streptozotocin and Nicotinamide

Philip S Schein; Robert Wesley Bates

Serial alterations in blood glucose of normal and adrenalectomized mice following the administration of a diabetogenic dose of streptozotocin have been compared with those of similar mice pretreated with nicotinamide. An initial hyperglycemic phase, one to three hours post-injection, was observed with both streptozotocin and nicotinamide treated mice, and was drug related. In the case of streptozotocin the early elevation in blood sugar was not dependent on the presence of the adrenal gland. An initial hyperglycemic phase was recorded in fed adrenalectomized mice but was eliminated in fasted adrenalectomized mice because of decreased liver glycogen. A hypoglycemic phase at seven hours was observed with streptozotocin treatment. This was associated with a seven-fold increase in plasma immunoreactive insulin (IKI) concentration observed in streptozotocin treated normals. By twenty-four hours the streptozotocin treated mice were permanently diabetic, and had significantly depressed pancreatic insulin concentrations, while plasma insulin was still greater than control concentrations. The nicotinamide protected group demonstrated no evidence of diabetes. The mechanism of diabeto genesis of streptozotocin differs from that of alloxan.


Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1935

Evidence from Dwarf Mice Against the Individuality of Growth Hormone

Robert Wesley Bates; Theophil Laanes; Oscar Riddle

Summary Prolactin alone, desiccated thyroid alone, or thyreotropic hormone probably unaffected by any contaminating constituent of the preparations used by us, promotes growth in the dwarf mouse. In these mice prolactin and thyreotropic show a synergistic action (32 to 242×) upon body growth. Though the concept of a growth hormone as an individual entity has been useful it does not seem to be true.


Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1934

On the Protein Nature of Prolactin and of Follicle-Stimulating Hormones:

Robert Wesley Bates; Oscar Riddle; Ernest L. Lahr

Summary Prolactin is a protein-like substance which at pH 8.0 is almost completely destroyed by trypsin in 2 hours at 37°C. In confirmation of previous work though using the bird testis instead of the rodent ovary to test potency, it is found that the follicle-stimulating hormone obtained from the anterior pituitaries of cattle is very rapidly destroyed by trypsin under the above-named conditions. The methods used in the separation and purification of prolactin suggest that this hormone is a protein, but since it has not yet been obtained in a pure state the possibility of its adsorption on inert protein is not thus excluded. It is therefore desirable to learn whether prolactin is affected by tryptic digestion. That prolactin is rapidly destroyed by trypsin is shown by the data of Table I. Almost complete destruction in 2 hours by a purified trypsin is obtained. The prolactin preparation used in this test was relatively pure and highly potent. Both the control and digest were, at the beginning of the test, at pH 8.0 and were similarly kept at 37°C. At pH 8.0 we have repeatedly found that prolactin will withstand boiling for 1 hour with only slight or moderate loss of potency. No earlier observations on the effect of digestive enzymes on prolactin have been reported. The rapid destruction of follicle-stimulating hormone (F.S.H.), obtained from the anterior pituitaries of beef by methods previously described, 1 is shown by the data of Table II. The testes of both birds given F.S.H., heated at pH 8.0 but not subjected to trypsin, are indicated as having increased by something more than 500%. The testes of all of the 4 birds receiving the trypsin digest (birds I and J got double dosage) showed only or relatively insignificant gains in weight. Since size increase in testes of the immature dove represents a specific response to the F.S.H. (here the weight is not increased by a Prolan B factor) this result has definite significance. Under these conditions still other relatively pure preparations of F.S.H. have been shown to withstand heating to 37° for 2 and for 4 hours with little loss of potency. A quite different test for F.S.H. potency has been used in another study; that test likewise shows that trypsin rapidly destroys the F.S.H. derived from both pituitary and pregnant urine.


Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1937

Effective Stimulation of Crop-Sacs by Prolactin in Hypophysecto-mized and in Adrenalectomized Pigeons

James Plummer Schooley; Oscar Riddle; Robert Wesley Bates

Summary In all of 20 pigeons completely hypophysectomized from 1 to 287 days earlier the crop-sacs were stimulated by prolactin to proliferation, and often to crop-milk formation within 4 days. These complete responses were obtained in both very immature and in adult individuals. Quantitative measurements made on the operated adults show, however. that their crop-sac response is only about one-eighth that of unoperated mature pigeons. Complete adrenalectomy did not prevent the usual response of the crop-sacs to prolactin in a test started 4 days after operation. Thyroidectomy did not significantly affect tlie usual crop-sac response to prolactin in a pigeon operated 176 days earlier.


Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1936

Effect of Route of Administration on the Bioassay of Prolactin.

Robert Wesley Bates; Oscar Riddle

Summary In young pigeons of the same age and race the response of the crop-glands to prolactin administered by 5 different routes has been studied and found to differ widely. Subcutaneous and intracutaneous injections are about 11 times as efficient as intravenous injections, about 5 times as efficient as intramuscular injections, and about 8 times as efficient as intraperitoneal injections at the dosage level used.


Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1966

Comparison of Two Different Transplantable Mammotropic Pituitary Tumors. Hormone Content and Effect on Host

Robert Wesley Bates; Mary M. Garrison; Harold P. Morris

Summary A pituitary tumor (7315a) from a rat treated with 2,4,6-trimethylaniline was transplantable. Studies during the eighth and twelfth transfer generation of 7315a showed the tumor to be similar to the mammotropic tumor MtT F4 established by Furth in that it contained the same 3 pituitary hormones, which produced similar changes in the organs of the host. MtT 7315a and MtT F4 contained the same concentration of prolactin (2 IU/g dry weight) but MtT F4 contained more than 10 times the, concentration of growth hormone and ACTH found in MtT 7315a, Correspondingly rats with MtT 7315a grew less rapidly and had less hypertrophy of the liver, kidney and preputial gland than rats with MtT F4, but the mammary glands were larger. Both tumor lines induced equally large adrenals (9 X normal) and blood levels of corticosterone (8 X normal) but the ascorbic acid concentration of the adrenal was different (7315a: 94 vs F4: 180 mg/100g) due to difference in growth hormone levels.


Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1974

Hormonal Interactions Among GH, ACTH, Cortisol and Dexamethasone upon Size of Kidney, Liver, and Adrenal

Robert Wesley Bates; Mary M. Garrison

Summary A ZnACTH preparation of ACTH was found to be nearly 10 times more effective than the Acthar gel preparation as a stimulator of increase of adrenal weight but the two preparations were equally effective as stimulators of weight increase of the kidney and liver. Bovine GH (5 mg/day) had little effect on adrenal, kidney or liver weight. When injected with either ACTH preparation the BGH further increased the adrenal weights. Either cortisol or dexamethasone also increased the effectiveness of Acthar on adrenal weight, and when BGH was injected as a third hormone a further adrenal weight increase was observed suggesting three different mechanisms of action. Kidney weights were increased by cortisol (15 mg/day), dexa (200 μg/day) or Acthar (100 IU/day) to about the same extent. The addition of BGH (1 or 2 mg/day) reduced by more than one half the dose of the adrenal hormone required to produce a given kidney weight. Liver weights were increased by ACTH, cortisol and dexa. BGH increased the effect of each of these hormones on liver weight. When ACTH was injected a linear correlation between adrenal weight and kidney weight was again demonstrated but different slopes were obtained with ZnACTH and Acthar. These data further indicate the importance of hormones and the complexity of their interaction (hormonal balance) in controlling size of various major organs and tissues in the body.


Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1940

Effect of volume used for injection in micro-assay of prolactin.

Robert Wesley Bates; Oscar Riddle

Summary In 2 types (single and double injection) of 48-hour micro-methods for assaying prolactin, in which the injection volume was 0.05 ml, 4 times as much prolactin was required for minimum stimulation as when the volume was 10 times larger, 0.5 ml. A minimum stimulation dose of prolactin in 0.05 nil thus has its apparent effectiveness increased 4 times by a dilution of 10 times. No simple explanation of this result is apparent. Micro-assays of prolactin by intracutaneous injections over crop-sacs must utilize a constant volume of fluid to be of much quantitative value.

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Oscar Riddle

Carnegie Institution for Science

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Ernest L. Lahr

Carnegie Institution for Science

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Mary M. Garrison

National Institutes of Health

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James Plummer Schooley

Carnegie Institution for Science

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Simon W. Dykshorn

Carnegie Institution for Science

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Clarence S. Moran

Carnegie Institution for Science

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Theophil Laanes

Carnegie Institution for Science

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