Roger Charlton

Warlords and Militarism in Chad

After considering the inadequacies of the prevailing concern in African studies with violence and the collapse of the postcolonial state, the authors argue that the uses made of concepts of ‘militarism’ and ‘militarisation’ are equally confused and inadequate, particularly in explaining recent Chad history. They suggest an alternative approach, the elaboration of the warlord model used to discuss Chinese history between 1916 and 1928. They argue that there are striking parallels between the China of that time and Chad from the late seventies in the form of the collapse of central control, the rise of regional centres of power based on personalised rule and military force, and the consequent prevalence of a politics of conflict and war.

Putting Some Structure Into the Concept of Culture

Consider our problem. Initially we defined it as a minor practical difficulty caused by idiosyncratic factors both individual and group-related leading to communication failures of a type which occur in all organisations. On reflection we decided that the problem was a more complex one than we had originally thought, raising issues of both educational and practical relevance and posing questions of some theoretical significance to both managers and trainers alike, at least insofar as they are involved in crosscultural activities.

Policing refugees, aliens and exiles: US policy and practice

From the late nineteenth century the US reputation as a ‘haven for the huddled masses yearning to be free’ underwent serious modifications. Alongside increasing restrictionism on immigration, federal and state agencies developed which put into operation policies and practices in policing the political activities of refugees, aliens and exiles. Although this article will focus principally on post‐1945 developments relating to admission, policing and post‐entry controls of politically active refugees, aliens and exiles, it will seek to place the subject in its historical perspective. It will be argued that while refugee flows and exile politics have shifted from a second world to a third world issue, this has not until recently led to any fundamental reconsideration of the issues involved. However, the fact that more recent immigrants and refugee flows have not stirred any major feelings of anti‐alienism which have marked previous debates could reflect a greater sense of security at global level, arising, p...