Ronaldo Severiano Berton

Barium extraction potential by mustard, sunflower and castor bean

ABSTRACT: Barium salts are used extensively for industrial purposes, generating residues that, if notappropriately disposed, can increase soil Ba content. The aim of the present work was to evaluate Baextraction potential of mustard ( Brassica juncea Czern.), sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.), andcastor bean ( Ricinus communis L.), grown in a soil artificially contaminated with increasing Ba additions.A greenhouse experiment was carried out by adding BaSO 4 to a Rhodic Hapludox sample, at the 0, 150and 300 mg kg –1 rates. After harvesting, the pot soil material was also analyzed for exchangeable Ba byCaCl 2 extraction and by an ion exchange resin method. None of the plant species tested presentedtoxicity symptoms, decreased nutrient accumulation or decreased dry matter production in responseto Ba treatments. The accumulation of Ba, in decreasing capacity was: sunflower> mustard> castorbean. The largest accumulation was with sunflower at 300 mg kg –1 of Ba added to the soil. Whenevaluated by the transference factor, none of the species tested was an efficient Ba accumulator, up to47 days after emergence. The ion exchange resin method was not adequate to evaluate Ba availabilityto these plants.Key words: toxicity, phytoextraction, fransference factor, ion exchange resin, exchangeable Ba

Sewage sludge application to agricultural land as soil physical conditioner

SUMMARY Water resource quality is a concern of today’s society and, as a consequence, low pollutant wastewaters and sludges are being increasingly treated, resulting in continuous production of sewage sludge. Sewage sludge (SS) can be used as soil physical conditioner of agricultural or degraded lands, due to its organic C component. The objective of this research was to evaluate the long-term SS effects on soil physical quality of properties such as bulk density, porosity, permeability and water retention of degraded soils treated with annual SS applications. The SS rates were calculated according to the crop N demand. The field experiment consisted of three treatments: mineral fertilization, 10 and 20 Mg ha -1 of SS (once and twice the SS quantity to meet the maize N demand, respectively), in annual applications to the surface layer of a eutroferric Red Latosol. SS reduced bulk density, increased macroporosity and decreased microporosity after the third application, but did not significantly alter the soil permeability and physical quality as measured by the S index in the surface layer.

Comparison of methods to evaluate heavy metals in organic wastes.

Abstract The conventional method for the digestion of residues using a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids was compared with the microwave procedure using both aqua regia and nitric acid as extractants, in order to determine which method fits better the routine measurements using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES). Urban domestic wastes, swine and dairy manure and NIES pond sediment certified reference material were used as samples. The microwave digestions were performed on sealed vessels by taking 500 mg of each residue and aqua regia (16 mL) or concentrated nitric acid (10 mL). The conventional nitric‐perchloric digestion was performed by heating 500 mg of each sample with 6 mL of HNO3 ‐HClO4 5+1 v/v in Pyrex digestion tubes until complete digestion. All extracts were analysed for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd by ICP‐AES. Microwave extraction with aqua regia extracted higher amounts of metals from the certified pond sediment reference material than the USEPA‐SW 846‐method...

Chemical and microbiological attributes of an oxisol treated with successive applications of sewage sludge

Studies on sewage sludge (SS) have confirmed the possibilities of using this waste as fertilizer and/or soil conditioner in crop production areas. Despite restrictions with regard to the levels of potentially toxic elements (PTE) and pathogens, it is believed that properly treated SS with low PTE levels, applied to soil at adequate rates, may improve the soil chemical and microbiological properties. This study consisted of a long-term field experiment conducted on a Typic Haplorthox (eutroferric Red Latosol) treated with SS for seven successive years for maize production, to evaluate changes in the soil chemical and microbiological properties. The treatments consisted of two SS rates (single and double dose of the crop N requirement) and a mineral fertilizer treatment. Soil was sampled in the 0-0.20 m layer and analyzed for chemical properties (organic C, pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, CEC, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Pb) and microbiological properties (basal respiration, microbial biomass activity, microbial biomass C, metabolic quotient, microbial quotient, and protease and dehydrogenase enzyme activities). Successive SS applications to soil increased the macro- and micronutrient availability, but the highest SS dose reduced the soil pH significantly, indicating a need for periodic corrections. The SS treatments also affected soil microbial activity and biomass negatively. There were no significant differences among treatments for maize grain yield. After seven annual applications of the recommended sludge rate, the heavy metal levels in the soil had not reached toxic levels.

Fitoextração de cádmio e zinco de um latossolo vermelho-amarelo contaminado com metais pesados

In a greenhouse experiment, the ability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), and Amazon pepper (Capsicum baccatum L.) to extract Cd and Zn from an oxisol contaminated with heavy metals was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a complete ramdomized block design in a factorial scheme consisted of 4 species x 3 rates of metals x 2 rates of EDTA, with 3 replicates and using plastic pots with 3 L capacity. Heavy metals were applied to the soil, as inorganic salts, at rates, in mg kg-1: dose 0: control (no metals added); dose 1: - combined application of 0.75 of Cd; 6.25 of Pb; 20.0 of Cu; 8.75 of Ni and 62.5 of Zn; and dose 2 - combined application of 1.5 of Cd; 12.5 of Pb; 40.0 of Cu; 17.5 of Ni and 125,0 of Zn, with and without EDTA addition of 1 mmol kg-1. Plant tops were harvested from 48 to 100 days after sowing or seedlings transplant to the pots. EDTA addition decreased dry matter yield of all species, although it contributed to the increase of shoot Cd concentration on castor bean and sunflower plants, and had no effect on Zn shoot concentration for all species under investigation. Tobbaco was the most efficient specie in extracting Zn and Cd from the contaminated soil. A great number of sunflower, Amazon pepper and tobacco cropping will be necessary for soil decontamination, if it receives the addition of EDTA at rate of 1 mmol kg-1.

Phytoremediation of lead by jack beans on a Rhodic Hapludox amended with EDTA

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, em condicoes de casa de vegetacao, os efeitos do acido etilenodiamino tetraacetico (EDTA) no potencial fitoextrator do feijao-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis L.). Amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrofico foram tratadas com seis doses de Pb (0, 100, 200, 350, 1.200 e 2.400 mg kg-1 de solo) aplicadas como Pb(NO3)2 com e sem a aplicacao de EDTA (0 e 0,5 g kg-1, respectivamente) e colocadas em vasos. A concentracao de Pb2+, Cl-, NO3-, NH4+, SO42-, H2PO4-, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ e COD (carbono orgânico dissolvido) foram determinadas no extrato de saturacao (razao solo:agua de 1:0,3) e utilizadas para especiacao ionica atraves do software Visual-Minteq 2.30. A disponibilidade de Pb foi avaliada com solucao extratora de acido dietilenotriamino pentacetico (DTPA). O solo tratado com EDTA apresentou maior concentracao de Pb (como PbEDTA2-) e Fe (como FeEDTA-) na solucao do solo levando a maior absorcao destes elementos pelo feijao de porco. Por outro lado reduziu a concentracao das especies Pb-COD e Fe-COD. O EDTA tambem contribuiu com melhor nutricao da planta devido ao aumento da concentracao de outros nutrientes (Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe e Mn) na parte aerea. A producao de materia seca foi constante mesmo para as doses mais altas de Pb no solo. O feijao-de-porco possui potencial fitorremediador. O extrator DTPA foi efetivo em avaliar a disponibilidade de Pb para as plantas para todas as doses de Pb aplicadas.

PRODUTIVIDADE DO CAFÉ APOATÃ EM CONSÓRCIO COM LEGUMINOSAS NA REGIÃO DA ALTA PAULISTA

Coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre) productivity was evaluated during three years of intercropping with five leguminous species: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), Crotalaria spectabilis Roth., dwarf velvet bean (Stizolobium deeringeanum Bort.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merryl] and pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] in the western region of Sao Paulo State, from 1991 to 1993. Leguminous species were seeded 50 cm far from coffee shoot and incorporated at flowering stage. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replicates. Coffee yield was not affected when Crotalaria spectabilis, dwarf velvet bean and soya bean IAC 9 were used as interrow crop, but it was significantly decreased for pigeon pea and sunn hemp treatments. Linear correlation analysis showed that coffee yield was inversely correlated with leguminous dry biomass and positively correlated with coffee shoot height and stem diameter at the harvest year.

Alterações de características químicas de um Latossolo Roxo distrófico incubado com resíduos da indústria álcool-açucareira

A study in incubation (3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days) was carried out in a Dusky Red Latosol in order to evaluate the effects of stillage, filter cake, and boiler ash for some chemical characteristics of that soil. All residues were used as potassium source and it was applied at the rate of 300 and 750kg/ha of K. After 60 days of incubation electrical conductivity and pH of all treatments showed to be higher than the control. The nitrate content decreased with time for the dry stillage, filter cake and boiler ash and H2SO4 0.05N soluble in the last two treatments. Practically all applied K, Ca and Mg, were recovered in the HNO3 0.05N soluble form, with the exception of K from boiler ash (50%) and Ca and Mg from the filter cake (57 and 64% respectively).

Phosphorus Sorption and Redistribution on Soil Solid Phase in a Brazilian Haplorthox Amended with Biosolids

Land application of biosolids (SS) can cause a buildup of phosphorus (P) in the top soil. The changes in the soil P characteristics may be assessed by the sorption isotherm and the sequential fractionation techniques. Samples of Haplorthox were collected from a field experiment where maize was cultivated for two years, after two applications of SS originated from two cities of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. SS applications added a total of 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 kg ha−1 of P in the area. To perform the sorption isotherms and obtain P maximum sorption capacity () and the binding energy, soil samples were submitted to increasing P concentration solutions until equilibrium was reached. Sequential fractionation was done by a sequential extraction with CaCl2, NaHCO3, NaOH, HCl, and HNO3

Aplicação de biossólido na implantação da cultura da pupunheira

The effects of four doses of sewage sludge, applied in the planting furrow, on the aboveground biomass production of peach palm during the first year were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in Ubatuba, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, in field conditions. Four doses of biosolid (equivalent to 0; 100; 200 and 400 kg ha-1 of N) were studied in a complete block experimental design, with six replications. Ten-month old seedlings from Putumayo landrace were utilized, in a planting density of 5,000 plants ha-1. Plant responses to biosolid doses were evaluated every month, by means of some traits directly correlated to peach palm growth and yield. Aboveground biomass (fresh weight base) accumulation was estimated, based on plant height. Statistical differences among doses were detected five months after planting, probably due to plant acclimation and nutrient assimilation. Anticipation of heart-of-palm harvesting could be detected, with 15% of plants ready to be harvested when treated with the dose of 400 kg ha-1 of N. An increase occurred in the number of offshoots per plant and in the percentage of suckered plants per plot as a function of biosolid doses. One year after sludge application, in the maximum response treatment (400 kg ha-1 of N), was obtained 27 ton ha-1 of aboveground biomass, 3.3 offshoots per plant and 77% of palms with offshoots were obtained.