Rubem Silvério de Oliveira

Glyphosate reduces shoot concentrations of mineral nutrients in glyphosate-resistant soybeans.

Although glyphosate-resistant (GR) technology is used in most countries producing soybeans (Glycine max L.), there are no particular fertilize recommendations for use of this technology, and not much has been reported on the influence of glyphosate on GR soybean nutrient status. An evaluation of different cultivar maturity groups on different soil types, revealed a significant decrease in macro and micronutrients in leaf tissues, and in photosynthetic parameters (chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate, transpiration and stomatal conductance) with glyphosate use (single or sequential application). Irrespective of glyphosate applications, concentrations of shoot macro- and micronutrients were found lower in the near-isogenic GR-cultivars compared to their respective non-GR parental lines Shoot and root dry biomass were reduced by glyphosate with all GR cultivars evaluated in both soils. The lower biomass in GR soybeans compared to their isogenic normal lines probably represents additive effects from the decreased photosynthetic parameters as well as lower availability of nutrients in tissues of the glyphosate treated plants.

Período anterior a interferência de plantas daninhas em soja: estudo de caso com baixo estande e testemunhas duplas

A field experiment was carried out at Boa Terra Farm (Quarto Centenario, PR) ,to evaluate the effect of different periods of Euphorbia heterophylla interference on low-density soybean (cv. BRS-133). The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates and 11 periods of weed interference, by using twofold checks. The periods of interference consisted in keeping the weed interference for 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, 40, 47, 54, 61, 68 days after crop emergence (DAE) or for the whole cycle. At the first weeding, E. heterophylla densities and dry mass were analyzed. Crop stand and yield were the parameters that expressed the most damages due to the increased weed interference period. Using twofold checks, the period before interference was 11 days after emergence (DAE), indicating the need of early weed control. From the 11th to the 68th DAE, the interference imposed by weeds promoted daily losses of 6.45 kg ha-1 in soybean yield. Weed competition for the entire cycle promoted a 38% decrease in crop yield.

Critérios para avaliação do potencial de lixiviação dos herbicidas comercializados no Estado do Paraná

A survey was carried out on the commercialization of herbicides in Parana, to verify their total input in the environment. Based on the chemical properties of these herbicides, theoretical criteria ranking them according to their leaching potential were evaluated. The highest volume of commercialization was found to occur from October to November, probably related to the increased demand caused by the summer crop cycle. The mechanisms of action whose consumption is most expressive are the aminoacid synthesis inhibitors (36.9% of the total volume), followed by the photosynthesis inhibitors (31.3%), synthetic auxins (11%) and mitosis inhibitors (8.8%). The herbicides glyphosate (4526.28 t), atrazine (3075.91), 2,4-D (1659.33) and sulfosate (631.60 t) account together for around 65% of the total volume commercialized in the state. Ranking herbicides according to their leaching potential showed that acifluorfen-sodium, alachlor, atrazine, chlorimuron-ethyl, fomesafen, hexazinone, imazamox, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, metolachlor, metribuzin, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, picloram, sulfentrazone and tebuthiuron are potential leachers according to the three theoretical criteria adopted (GUS, CDFA and Cohen).

Atividade alelopática da leucena sobre espécies de plantas daninhas

Allelopathy is the direct or indirect effect of one plant on another through substances liberated into the environment, and occurs widely in natural plant communities. The secondary metabolites or natural products involved in allelopathy are called allelochemicals and can be produced in different parts of the plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the allelopathic potential of the aerial part of Leucaena leucocephala on the weeds Desmodium purpureum, Bidens pilosa and Amaranthus hybridus. Bioassays were carried out in laboratory and in greenhouse with aqueous extracts of the aerial part of leucaena in concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5 % (v v-1). The aqueous extract showed major effect over the weeds when applied to filter paper. The allelopathic potential of leucaena varied with weed species, but B. pilosa and A. hybridus were the most sensible species to the extract in both bioassays. Mimosine was quantified by HPLC in concentrations directly correlated to extract concentrations, indicating this allelochemical as the possible substance involved in effects on weed germination and development.

NUTRIENT ACCUMULATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN GLYPHOSATE-RESISTANT SOYBEANS IS REDUCED UNDER GLYPHOSATE USE

Global production of glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] continues to increase annually; however, there are no particular specific fertilizer recommendations for the transgenic varieties used in this system largely because reports of glyphosate effects on mineral nutrition of GR soybeans are lacking. Several metabolites or degradation products of glyphosate have been identified or postulated to cause undesirable effects on GR soybeans. In this work we used increasing glyphosate rates in different application on cv. ‘BRS 242 GR’ in order to evaluate photosynthetic parameters, macro- and micronutrient uptake and accumulation and shoot and root dry biomass production. Increasing glyphosate rates revealed a significant decrease in photosynthesis, macro and micronutrients accumulation in leaf tissues and also decreases in nutrient uptake. The reduced biomass in GR soybeans represents additive effects from the decreased photosynthetic parameters as well as lower availability of nutrients in tissues of the glyphosate treated plants.

Sorption–Desorption of Indaziflam in Selected Agricultural Soils

Indaziflam, a new alkylazine herbicide that inhibits cellulose biosynthesis, is under current development for soil applications in perennial crops and nonagricultural areas. Sorption and desorption of indaziflam in six soils from Brazil and three soils from the United States, with different physical chemical properties, were investigated using the batch equilibration method. Sorption kinetics demonstrated that soil-solution equilibrium was attained in <24 h. The Freundlich equation described the sorption behavior of the herbicide for all soils (R(2) > 0.99). K(f) values of the Brazilian oxisols ranged from 4.66 to 29.3, and 1/n values were ≥ 0.95. Sorption was positively correlated to %OC and clay contents. U.S. mollisol K(f) values ranged from 6.62 to 14.3; 1/n values for sorption were ≥ 0.92. K(f) values from mollisols were also positively correlated with %OC. These results suggest that indaziflam potential mobility, based solely on its sorption coefficients, would range from moderate to low in soil. Desorption was hysteretic on all soils, further decreasing its potential mobility for offsite transport.

Períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura do girassol

Two experiments were carried out at Embrapa Soybean, Londrina, Paraná Brazil, to evaluate the effect of different periods of control or coexistence of weeds on sunflower crop, considering oil yield and seed yield. The experimental design was completly arranged in randomized blocks, with four replicates. The treatments for both experiments were maintaining the crop either with or without weeds for 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 49, 56, 70, 84 and 118 days after crop emergence (DAE), during the entire cycle. The weed comunity was composed by hairy beggarticks (Bidens subalternans) and volunteer wheat. Weed densities and dry matter weight were determined, as well as oil yield and grain yield. Weed presence caused a yield daily loss of 1.1 and 2.5 kg ha-1 of oil yield and seed yield, respectively, whereas weed absence provided a daily gain of 6.5 kg ha-1 for oil yield and 14.4 kg ha-1 for seed yield. Weed crop coexistence for up to 21 DAE did not cause any negative effect on oil and seed yields, and the maximum length of time in which the weeds had to be controlled to prevent crop yield losses was 30 days after emergence. The critical period of interference was from 21 to 30 DAE.

Glyphosate affects lignin content and amino acid production in glyphosate-resistant soybean

Farmers report that some glyphosate-resistant soybean varieties are visually injured by glyphosate. Glyphosate is the main herbicide that directly affects the synthesis of secondary compounds. In this work, we evaluated the effect of increasing rates of glyphosate on lignin and amino acid content, photosynthetic parameters and dry biomass in the early maturity group cultivar BRS 242 GR soybean. Plants were grown in half-strength complete nutrient solution and subjected to various rates of glyphosate either as a single or in sequential applications. All parameters evaluated were affected by increasing glyphosate rates. The effects were more pronounced as glyphosate rates increased, and were more intense with a single total application than sequential applications at lower rates.

Sorption-desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor in selected Brazilian soils.

Aminocyclopyrachlor sorption/desorption was investigated in 14 soils from Brazil, representing a range of pH, and organic carbon (OC) and clay contents. The Freundlich equation adequately described behavior of aminocyclopyrachlor in soil. Freundlich sorption coefficient (K(f)) values ranged from 0.06 to 1.64 and 1/n values for ranged from 0.9 to 1.0. Sorption was correlated to OC (K(f,oc) ranged from 11 to 64) and clay contents. The lowest sorption was found for soils with very low OC contents (0.50-0.65%) and loamy-sand to sand textures. The 1/n values for desorption were lower than those observed for sorption, suggesting that aminocyclopyrachlor sorption by soil was not reversible; hysteresis coefficients ranged from 0.13 to 0.74. The results suggest that although aminocyclopyrachlor would be very mobile based on its sorption coefficients, its potential depth of leaching may be overestimated due to the hysteretic desorption.

Winter and summer management strategies for Conyza bonariensis and Bidens pilosa control.

Conyza bonariensis is one of the most important weeds in southern Brazil. The selection of biotypes tolerant and resistant to the herbicide glyphosate has led to increasing demand for alternatives of management strategy to control this species. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different winter and summer management strategy for the control of Conyza bonariensis, by using glyphosate + 2,4-D tank mixtures combined or not with residual herbicides. The different burndown alternatives were applied after corn harvest (winter burndown), associated to applications before soybean sowing (summer burndown) with a total of 15 treatments. Winter burndown options evaluated in this research were efficient in weed desiccation and provided excellent levels of residual weed control up to the next summer soybean pre-sowing. The sowing of oats after winter burndown with subsequent summer burndown with glyphosate+diclosulam + 2,4-D was found to be efficient to control Bidens pilosa. Conyza bonariensis was totally controlled in all the burndown strategies in which the herbicide 2,4-D was associated to glyphosate.