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Ramos colaterais parietais e terminais da aorta abdominal em Myocastor coypus (nutria)

For this study it was used 30 nutria, 15 females and 15 males, with its abdominal aorta system full filled with latex 603, stained in red, and fixed in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde 20%. The abdominal aorta emitted from its dorsal surface 6 to 8 single lumbar arteries. From the renal arteries, left and right, it has been originated the phrenicoabdominal arteries, in order to irrigate part of the diaphragm and the cranial lateral abdominal walls. The abdominal aorta emitted, dorsally, the median sacral artery, cranially to its bifurcation into the common iliac arteries. These common iliac arteries, terminal branches of the aorta, originate the internal and external iliac arteries. The internal iliac artery was distributed along the pelvic cavity viscera. The external iliac artery emitted an umbilical artery and, before reaching the inguinal ring, emitted the deep circunflex iliac artery to 2/3 of the caudal lateral abdominal wall. The external iliac artery emitted the pudendoepigastric trunk, wich has originated the caudal epigastric artery, to the ventral abdominal wall, and the external pudendal artery, wich passed through the inguinal ring to irrigate the external genital. The direct parietal branches of the abdominal aorta were the lumbar arteries and the median sacral artery, while the phrenicoabdominal arteries, deep circunflex iliac and the caudal epigastric artery were indirect colateral parietal branches. The terminal branches of the abdominal aorta were the common iliac arteries with its branches, the internal and external iliac arteries.

A systematic study of the brain base arteries in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

Thirty heads with neck segments of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were dissected for a systematic study of the arteries. The frequency of the arteries found was: Cerebral carotid artery, intercarotid anastomosis and internal ophthalmic artery (100%). Caudal branch of the cerebral carotid artery to the right (R) vestigial artery (70%) and developed (30%) and to the left (L) developed (70%) and vestigial artery (30%). Ventral tectal mesencephalic artery in (70%) to R and (30%) to L was the direct branch of the cerebral carotid artery to L (70%) and to R (30%) collateral branch of the developed caudal branch. Basilar artery to L in (70%) and to R (30%) formed from the developed caudal branch; rostral ventral cerebellar artery present (86.7%) and absent (13.3%) to R and L. Caudal ventral cerebellar artery to R single (73.3%), double (23.3%) and triple (3.3%); caudal ventral cerebellar artery to L single (73.3%) and double (26.7%). Dorsal spinal artery branch of caudal ventral cerebellar artery to R (80%) and to L (73.3%). The rostral branch of cerebral carotid artery showed as collateral branches the single caudal cerebral artery to R (100%) and to L (96.7%) while in (3.3%) it was double. The middle cerebral artery was single to R and L (100%). Cerebroethmoidal artery to R and L (100%) with its collateral branch to single rostral cerebral artery (90%) to R and (86.7%) to L and double (10%) to R and (13.3%) to L. Ethmoidal artery to R and to L (100%) single. The cerebral arterial circle was rostrally and caudally opened, so that the cerebral blood supply was exclusively made by the carotid system.

Ramos colaterais do arco aórtico e suas principais ramificações em coelho da raça Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

In this study, the collaterals branches of the aortic arch and its main rami were systematized in 30 New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The arterial system was filled with red latex in the opposite direction to blood flow, and fixed in 20% formaldehyde solution. The collaterals branches of the aortic arch were the brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic truk emitted the left and the right common carotid arteries, continuing as the right subclavian artery. This emitted, from medial to lateral, the arteries: vertebral, superficial-deep cervical common trunk and costocervical-internal thoracic trunk. Already the left subclavian artery emitted the arteries: vertebral, supreme intercostal, internal thoracic, dorsal scapular and superficial-deep cervical common trunk.

Sistematização das artérias da base do encéfalo e suas fontes de suprimento sanguíneo em coelho da raça Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The brains of 30 New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were injected with red stained latex. The arteries of the ventral surface of the brain were systematized on the right (R) and on the left (L) side with the respective percentage of appearance: the aortic arch emitted the braquicephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery (83.3%); or the braquicephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery (16.7%). The braquicephalic trunk emitted the right and the left common carotid arteries and the right subclavian artery (83.3%); or the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery (16.7%). The common carotid arteries were divided into external and internal carotid arteries (96.7% on the R, 100% on the L.). The internal carotid artery to the R was present (96.7%) and absent (3.3%), and to the L, was present (100%). The rostral choroidal artery to the R was collateral branch of the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery (83.3%), collateral branch of caudal branch of the internal carotid artery (16.7%), and to the L was collateral branch of the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery (93.3%), collateral branch of the caudal branch of the internal carotid artery (6.7%). The middle cerebral artery to the R and to the L was single (80%) and double (20%). The rostral cerebral artery to the R had middle caliber (90%), thin caliber (6.7%) and too thin caliber (3.3%), and to the L had middle caliber (76.7%), thin caliber (16.7%) and too thin caliber (6.7%). The internal ethmoidal artery was absent (73.3%), present and single (26.7%). The caudal cerebral artery to the R was single (66.7%), double (26.7%) and triple (6.7%), and to the L was single (63.3%) and double (36.7%). The terminal branches of the right and left vertebral arteries were present (100%, and formed the basilar artery (100%). The ventral spinal artery was present (100%). The caudal cerebellar artery, to the R was single (43.3%), single with labyrinthic artery isolated (26.7%) and double (30%), and to the L was single (50%), single with labyrinthic artery isolated (6.7%), double (40%) and triple (3.3%). The trigeminal artery to the R and to the L was present (100%). The rostral cerebellar artery to the R was single (53.3%) and double (46,7%), and to the L was single (63.3%) and double (36.7%). The rabbits cerebral arterial circle was caudally closed (100%) and rostrally closed (93.3%) or opened (6.7%). The brain was supplied by the vertebral-basilar and carotid systems.

Systematization, distribution and territory of the middle cerebral artery on the brain surface in chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera).

The aim of the present study was to analyse thirty chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) brains, injected with latex, and to systematize and describe the distribution and the vascularization territories of the middle cerebral artery. This long vessel, after it has originated from the terminal branch of the basilar artery, formed the following collateral branches: rostral, caudal and striated (perforating) central branches. After crossing the lateral rhinal sulcus, the middle cerebral artery emitted a sequence of rostral and caudal convex hemispheric cortical collateral branches on the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere to the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes. Among the rostral convex hemispheric branches, a trunk was observed, which reached the frontal and parietal lobes and, in a few cases, the occipital lobe. The vascular territory of the chinchilla’s middle cerebral artery included, in the cerebral hemisphere basis, the lateral cerebral fossa, the caudal third of the olfactory trigone, the rostral two‐thirds of the piriform lobe, the lateral olfactory tract, and most of the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere, except for a strip between the cerebral longitudinal fissure and the vallecula, which extended from the rostral to the caudal poles bordering the cerebral transverse fissure.

Systematization, description and territory of the caudal cerebral artery of the brain in broad-snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris)

Thirty heads with the neck segment of Caiman latirostris were used. The animals were provided from a creation center called Mister Caiman, under the authorization of the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Ibama). Animals were sacrificed according to the slaughtering routine of the abattoir, and the heads were sectioned at the level of the third cervical vertebra. The arterial system was washed with cold saline solution, with drainage through jugular veins. Subsequently, the system was filled with red colored latex injection. Pieces were than fixed in 20% formaldehyde, for seven days. The brains were removed, with a spinal cord segment, the duramater removed and the arteries dissected. At the level of the hypophysis, the internal carotid artery gave off a rostral branch, and a short caudal branch, continuing, naturally, as the caudal cerebral artery. This artery projected laterodorsalwards and, as it overpassed the optic tract, gave off its I (the first) central branch. Penetrated in the cerebral transverse fissure, emitting the diencephalic artery and next its II (second) central branch. Still inside the fissure, originated occipital hemispheric branches and a pineal branch. Emerged from the cerebral transverse fissure, over the occipital pole of the cerebral hemisphere. Projected rostralwards, sagital to the cerebral longitudinal fissure, as interhemispheric artery. This artery gave off medial and convex hemispheric branches to the respective surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, anastomosed with its contralateral homologous, forming the common ethmoidal artery. This artery entered the fissure between the olfactory peduncles, emerging ventrally and dividing into ethmoidal arteries, right and left, which progressed towards the nasal cavities, vascularizing them. The territory of the caudal cerebral artery included the most caudal area of the base of the cerebral hemisphere, its convex surface, the olfactory peduncles and bulbs, the choroid plexuses and the diencephalus with its parietal organs.

Sistematização, distribuição e território da artéria cerebral média na superfície do encéfalo em Didelphis albiventris (gambá)

We study the behavior of the middle cerebral artery, in 30 encephalon of Didelphis albiventris. This vessel along its course branched originating several branches. The ventro-rostral ramus distribute for the olfactory trigonum. Two ventrocaudal rami for the piriform lobe, the medial one distributed itself on the medial surface of the piriform cortex, on the right present in 100.00% and on the left present in 83.30% of the cases; and the lateral one covering the rest of the piriform lobe surface, being present bilaterally in 100.00% of the pieces. Following, the middle cerebral artery emitted the 1o and the 2o dorsolateral hemispheric branches. The 1o dorsolateral hemispheric branch covering the caudal third of the dorsolateral surface of the hemisphere. This branch was present in 96.70.00% and absent in 3.30% of the cases, right side and present in 90.00% and absent in 10.00% of the pieces, left side. The 2o dorsolateral hemispheric branch covered the medium third of the dorsolateral surface of the hemisphere. It was present in both antimeres in 36.70.00% of the pieces. When this two branches were absent its territory was usually complemented by the 1o dorsolateral hemispheric or by the terminal branches. The terminal branch projected dorsally and emitted the rostral and caudal rami to the dorso-lateral surface of the hemisphere. It was present in 100.00% of the cases, both antimeres. The rostrodorsal branch ran rostrally and could reach the dorsal surface of the olfactory bulb. The middle cerebral artery territory involved the piriform lobe surface, part of the olfactory trigonum, lateral olfactory tract and the main part of the dorsolateral surface of the hemisphere.

Systematization, Description, and Territory of the Middle Cerebral Artery in Brain Surface of the Turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans)

Background: Trachemys scripta elegans, in Brazil, has been considered an exotic and invasive turtle; it competes with autochthon species for habitat and food, threatening biodiversity. These animals have been exported to Brazil as pets; however, despite of the commercial interest in the last years, there are only few reports about the turtle central nervous system vascularization. Therefore, this study had the objective to describe and systematize the middle cerebral artery at the brain surface of the turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans), determining a standard model of irrigation and the main ramifications and territory, in this species. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty turtles received pre-anesthetic medication composed of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and midazolam (2 mg/kg) followed by euthanasia with a sodium thiopental (100 mg/kg) overdose. The aortic arches were cannulated through the single ventricle, the cranial cava veins were incised and the vascular system washed with saline solution and heparin, and then filled with latex. Pieces remained immersed in running water and a bone window was opened in the cranial vault. Samples were fixed with formaldehyde and each brain with a spinal cord segment was removed from the cranial vault, the duramater was removed and the arteries dissected. Results were recorded and it was observed that the middle cerebral artery, collateral branch of the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery, varied between one to three components. These vessels anastomosed, originating a net that was projected from the base of the brain dorsorostralwards, reaching the convex surface of the olfactory bulb. Their lateral ramifications formed the convex hemispheric arteries, which ascended to the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere and reached, caudally, the proximities of the caudal pole, anastomosing with the occipital hemispheric branches of the caudal cerebral artery and, dorsally, anastomosed with the caudal medial hemispheric branches of the caudal inter-hemispheric artery. Rostrally, its terminal branches, dorsal and ventral, formed a vascular ring around the coronal sulcus, which separated the cerebral hemisphere from the sessile olfactory bulb together with the rostral medial hemispheric branches of the rostral inter-hemispheric artery, branch of the rostral cerebral artery. The arteries of the olfactory bulb were originated from this ring. The middle cerebral artery in 63.4% of the samples to the right and in 56.7% to the left was double. But in 33.3% to the right and 20% to the left was triple, whereas in 3.3% to the right and in 23.3% to the left was a single vessel. Discussion: Authors reported that the middle cerebral artery, in reptiles, was originated as a single trunk, which subdivided into several arteries or was formed from several short trunks that ramified towards the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere. In a study about turtles, the middle cerebral artery presented single origin and was emitted from the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery, emitting secondary branches that irrigated a portion of the dorsolateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres. In alligators, the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery originated a large middle cerebral artery, which emitted secondary branches towards the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, continuing as rostral cerebral artery. In Cayman, the middle cerebral artery consisted of a formation of a net originated from one to five vessels, which was projected in sequence as collateral branches of the rostral branch of the internal carotid artery. This pattern of the middle cerebral artery was also observed in Trachemys, however, the net formation of the middle cerebral artery was after the emission of one to three vessels.

Systematization and description of the internal carotid arteries and their main ramifications at the brain base in turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans).

Thirty turtle brains (Trachemys scripta elegans) were injected with latex to systematize and describe the internal carotid arteries and their main ramifications at the brain base. The internal carotid arteries had one intercarotid anastomosis. At the level of the tuber cinereum, the internal carotid artery bifurcated into its terminal branches, the rostral and the caudal branches. The rostral branch emitted the rostral choroid artery, the orbital artery, and a series of middle cerebral arteries. After giving off the last middle cerebral artery, the rostral branch continued as the rostral cerebral artery in the cerebral longitudinal fissure, and had one anastomosis with its contralateral homologous artery, the rostral communicating artery, making the first rostral closure of the cerebral arterial circle. Next, the rostral cerebral arteries anastomosed forming a rostral interhemispheric artery, making the second rostral closure of the cerebral arterial circle. The internal carotid artery, after emitting its rostral branch, continued caudally as the caudal branch. The caudal branch ran caudally along the ventral surface of the mesencephalic tegmentum, emitted the caudal cerebral artery and the mesencephalic artery, and continued caudomedially while progressively narrowing, and anastomosed with its contralateral homologous artery, forming the basilar artery. The narrower portion also emitted the trigeminal artery. The anastomosis of the caudal branches closed the cerebral arterial circle caudally. The internal carotid arteries exclusively supplied the cerebral arterial circle of the turtle. Anat Rec, 299:1090–1098, 2016.

Systematization, Description, and Territory of the Caudal Cerebral Artery in Surface of the Brain of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)

Brain specimens from 30 ostriches were injected with red‐dyed latex via the internal carotid arteries, and the caudal cerebral arteries and their branches were systematically described. On the right side, the caudal cerebral artery was double‐, triple‐, quadruple‐, and single‐branched in 73.5%, 23.3%, 3.3%, and 3.3% of cases, respectively; on the left side, it was double‐, triple‐, quadruple‐, and single‐branched in 76.7%, 20%, 3.3%, and 3.3% of cases, respectively. The dorsal tectal mesencephalic artery appeared as a single vessel in 96.7% of cases, emerging as a collateral branch of the caudal cerebral artery. The dorsal mesencephalic tectal artery originated from the right dorsal cerebellar artery in 40% of cases and from the left side in 63.3% of cases. On the right side, there were four and three medial occipital hemispheric branches in 46.7% and 20% of cases, respectively; on the left side, there were four and three branches in 30% and 26.7% of cases. On the right side, the pineal artery was double‐, single‐, triple‐, and quadruple‐branched in 50%, 23.3%, 20%, and 6.7% of cases, respectively; on the left side, this artery was double‐, single‐, triple‐, and quadruple‐branched in 50%, 23.3%, 16.7%, and 10% of cases, respectively. The diencephalic artery was on the right side in 43.3% of cases and on the left side in 56.7% of cases. The interhemispheric artery was on the right side in 56.7% of cases and on the left side in 43.3% of cases; four, three, two, five, and one dorsal hemispheric trunks branched off of the interhemispheric artery in 40%, 40%, 10%, 6.7%, and 26.7% of cases, respectively. The caudal cerebral artery was classified as Type I in 56.7% of cases (subtype IA in 33.3% of cases and IB in 23.3% of cases), Type II in 40% of cases (subtype IIA in 20% of cases and IIB in 20% of cases), and Type III in 3.3% of cases. Anat Rec, 297:1523–1531, 2014.