Rui-Lun Xie

FTIR and mass spectral analyses of an upgraded bio-oil.

Abstract Bio-oil prepared from flash pyrolysis of rice stalk around 500°C was upgraded by filtration and catalytic esterification. Both raw and upgraded bio-oils were observed with an optical microscope. The upgraded bio-oil was extracted with benzene, carbon disulfide, hexane, and carbon tetrachloride, respectively, and the soluble fractions were analyzed with FTIR and GC/MS. In addition, ion trap mass spectrometer was used for analysis of the benzene-soluble fraction. The results show that the upgrading substantially improved the dispersity of organic droplets in the bio-oil and completely removed char particles from the bio-oil, but heavy species are still the main components in the upgraded bio-oil; the soluble fractions contain aliphatic, benzene-ring-containing, ester, and bonded hydroxyl moieties, and methoxy-containing species are the most abundant GC/MS-detectable compounds.

Separation and analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons from two Chinese coals

Abstract Separation and analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) from coals is of considerable significance for both fuel and non-fuel use of the coals. In present work two Chinese bituminous coals were selected for separation of AHs by ultrasonic extraction with CS 2 followed by column chromatography using hexane as eluent. A series of AHs were separated from the two coals and analyzed by GC/MS. FTIR was employed to characterize the raw coals and the extracted residues. The results of GC/MS analysis show that the separated AHs are mono- to tetracyclic arenes, among which the principle AHs are alkyl naphthalenes and phenanthrenes. Obvious differences in the composition and the structure of AHs exist between the two coals, i.e., the AHs from Tongting coal tend to be higher rings compared to those from Pingshuo coal both from the variety and from the abundance of the AHs. FTIR analysis shows that the raw and extracted coals are similar in terms of functional groups, suggesting that the composition and structure of CS 2 extract, especially the AHs, from coals can be used to interpret the coal structure to some extent.

Solid Superacid-catalyzed Hydroconversion of Demineralized Shengli Coal Liquefaction Residue under Microwave Irradiation

Abstract Shengli coal liquefaction residue was demineralized; the demineralized Shengli coal liquefaction residue (DMSCLR) was then subject to non-catalytic and SO4 2−/ZrO2- or SO4 2−/TiO2-catalyzed hydroconversion in methanol under microwave irradiation. The results show that both, SO4 2−/ZrO2 and SO4 2−/TiO2, significantly catalyzed DMSCLR hydroconversion. The MESs of hydrogenated DMSCLR were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The MESs and methanol-inextractable fractions of hydrogenated DMSCLR were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.

Nitrogen-doped porous carbon foams prepared from mesophase pitch through graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet templates

A scalable and facile method was developed to synthesize nitrogen-doped porous carbon foams (NDPCFs) using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets as hard templates through the calcination of mesophase pitch. The morphology, structure, chemical composition and electrochemical performance of the as-prepared NDPCFs were characterized and investigated. The results show that NDPCFs are fabricated from crimpled and folded carbon nanosheets and have a three-dimensional interconnected structure. The carbon nanosheets show a certain degree of orientation of graphite crystallites. The specific surface area, wall thickness and nitrogen content are controllable by tuning the mass ratio of g-C3N4 nanosheets to mesophase pitch. The content of nitrogen species, most of which are quaternary-N and pyridinic-N components, significantly decreases from 6.48 to 0.74 at% with raising calcination temperature from 800 to 1600 °C. The NDPCFs prepared at 800 °C have a high specific surface area of 2098 m2 g−1, an ultra-large pore volume of 5.048 cm3 g−1 and a high nitrogen content of 6.48 at%. Furthermore, this material exhibits remarkable electrochemical performance as an electrode material for supercapacitors with a specific capacitance of 125.6 F g−1 even at a high scan rate of 200 mV s−1.

Reactivities of Shenfu Chars Toward Gasification with Carbon Dioxide

Abstract Five Shenfu char samples were prepared from Shenfu raw coal at different temperatures (950, 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 °C) using a muffle furnace. Demineralization of the char samples was performed by treating them with 10% nitric acid for 10 min in a CEM Discover microwave reactor. The gasification of the chars, and corresponding demineralized chars, in a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) atmosphere was conducted in a Netzsch STA 409C131F temperature-programmed thermogravimetry apparatus. The effects of charring temperature and demineralization on the gasification reactivity of chars were systematically investigated. The results show that a char formed at a lower temperature is more reactive except for demineralized char formed at 1100 °C, which is less reactive than char formed at 1200 °C. Demineralization decreases the char reactivities toward gasification with CO 2 to a small extent.

CHISELED NICKEL HYDROXIDE NANOPLATES GROWTH ON GRAPHENE SHEETS FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES

National Basic Research Program of China [2009CB220102]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [51221462]; Jiangsu Ordinary University Graduate Innovative Research Programs [CXZZ12_0943]; Jiangsu Planned Projects for Postdoctoral Research Funds [1201030C]; Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions

Effect of Charring Temperature on the Composition and Solubility of Chars Formed from Rapid Heating of Shenfu Coal

Abstract A series of chars were prepared by rapidly heating Shenfu coal, a Chinese bituminous coal, to different temperatures. Ash, volatile matter, and elemental contents of the chars were compared. The chars were extracted with carbon disulfide, benzene, and tetrahydrofuran sequentially, and the extraction solutions were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The results show that raising charring temperature increases the ash and carbon contents, but decreases the hydrogen and nitrogen contents as well as the solubility, while change in sulfur content is very small with charring temperature. A series of alkanes and polycyclic arenes were detected in the extraction solutions.

Characterization of Volatiles in Coal Tar Pitch by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Pressure Solid Analysis Probe/Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry

Volatiles obtained by heating carbon disulfide-extractable portions from coal tar pitch were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and atmospheric pressure solid analysis probe/time of flight-mass spectrometry (ASAP/TOF-MS). The results show that the maximum yield of volatiles was obtained at temperatures from 200 to 300°C. In total, ninety-one compounds were identified by GC/MS, including fifty-eight condensed arenes, nineteen oxygen-containing compounds, thirteen nitrogen-containing compounds, and a sulfur-containing compound. The total relative content of the heteroatom-containing compounds decreased with rising temperature, whereas the content of the condensed arenes increased. According to ASAP/TOF-MS analysis, the molecular masses of the volatiles released at temperatures of 30 to 200°C, 200 to 300°C, and 300 to 410°C are between 110 and 260, 150 and 350, and 280 and 420 u, respectively. ASAP/TOF-MS was shown to be an effective tool for characterizing high-molecular weight species that are difficult to be determined by GC/MS analysis.

An efficient and convenient one-pot multicomponent synthesis of novel pyrimidine derivatives: N-(4-aryl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)cyanamides

AbstractsAn efficient and facile synthesis of novel pyrimidine derivatives, N-(4-aryl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)cyanamides, via one-pot multicomponent reaction of different aromatic aldehydes, 2-acetylpyridine, and cyanoguanidine in the presence of NaOH in anhydrous EtOH is reported. Pyrimidine derivatives are extremely important six membered aromatic heterocyclic rings containing two nitrogen atoms which have a wide variety of important biologically activity. This method has the advantages of easy work-up, convenient purification, short reaction times, and high yields.

Effect of Microwave Irradiation on a Mo-based Catalyst for CO Hydrogenation

Abstract A Mo-based catalyst (catalyst I) was prepared under microwave irradiation, and characterized with X-ray diffractometer, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, nitrogen adsorption, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and scanning electron microscope. The activity of catalyst I for CO hydrogenation was studied in comparison with another Mo-based catalyst (catalyst II) prepared by conventional heating methods. The results show that CO conversion reached a maximum with temperatures up to 240°C over either of the catalysts. However, CO conversion and selectivities of methanol and dimethyl ether over catalyst I were higher than those over catalyst II, indicating that microwave irradiation favors the preparation of Mo-based catalyst for CO hydrogenation catalyst.