S. Cudziło

Detonation properties of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE)

1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE, FOX-7) is an explosive of current interest. In our work, an advanced study of detonation characteristics of this explosive was performed. DADNE was prepared and recrystallized on a laboratory scale. Some sensitivity and detonation properties of DADNE were determined. The detonation performance was established by measurements of the detonation wave velocity, detonation pressure and calorimetric heat of explosion as well as the accelerating ability. The JWL (Jones-Wilkins-Lee) isentrope and the constant-gamma isentrope for the detonation products of DADNE were also found.

Synthesis and explosive properties of copper(II) chlorate(VII) coordination polymer with 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole bridging ligand

Copper(II) chlorate(VII) coordination polymer with 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole as bridging ligand was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra and TG/DTA analyses. Sensitivity and detonator tests were also preformed. The compound has a 1D chain structure in which Cu(II) ions are linked by triple triazole N1,N2 bridges. It is a detonat with performance close to that of lead azide, but at the same time it shows moderate sensitivity to thermal (explosively decomposes above 250 degrees C) and mechanical stimuli (sensitivity to friction 10N).

High performance liquid chromatography of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene and some intermediate products of its synthesis.

1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE, FOX-7) is a novel explosive with low sensitivity and high performance. The unique combination of the valuable properties is a result of the structure of the compound. The molecular packing of DADNE consists of layers with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds which stabilize the molecule. In the paper, the results of research the purity of DADNE in different recrystallization conditions and some intermediate products of its synthesis were presented. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method based on the porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column packing material has been developed. Two variants of mobile phases in different pH values: acetonitrile-water and methanol-water with ammonia (NH(3)) and with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were used. The probable mechanism of interaction between the analyte, the stationary phase, and the mobile phase was suggested.

Carbon‐encapsulated Magnetic Nanoparticles Spontaneously Formed by Thermolysis Route

A new method for producing carbon‐encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles using a thermolysis route is developed. The method is based on dechlorination of C6Cl6 with NaN3 in the presence of Fe or Fe14Nd2B magnetic alloy. The as‐obtained products contained carbon‐encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles with the diameters between 20 and 60 nm. The products were purified and their composition and morphology were studied by means of SEM, TEM, XRD and TG‐DTA. The carbon‐encapsulated nanoparticles are superparamagnetic with the maximum saturation magnetization of 20 emu/g. This autothermal process has inherent advantages, including the use of low cost materials and the simplicity of the production protocol.

An Easy One‐step Route to Carbon‐encapsulated Magnetic Nanoparticles

An easy one‐step fast route that utilizes simple and low‐cost starting reactants for the synthesis of carbon‐encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles (CEMNPs) is presented. The synthesis process is based on the thermolysis of a NaN3/C6Cl6 mixture with the addition of a pure (elemental) metal to be encapsulated (Fe, Co and Ni). This autothermal process generates a few grams of product in a single run and is completed within 1–2 seconds. The product consists of CEMNPs with diameters between 30 and 80 nm and amorphous carbon nanoparticles. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the encapsulated particles are crystalline and possess low lattice strain (less than 1%). The crystallinity of the carbon phase was evaluated by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and by investigating its resistance to thermal oxidation. Magnetic measurements showed that the as‐obtained CEMNPs have soft ferromagnetic properties with coercive forces ranging between 49 and 224 Gs. In addition, CEMNPs can be obtained at temperatures below the vaporization point of the metal in question.

Synthesis and properties of 4,4’,5,5’-tetranitro-2,2’-biimidazolates: bis-semicarbazidium, bis(3-amino-1,2,4-triazolium) and bis(5-aminotetrazolium)

Ionic derivatives of 4,4’,5,5’-tetranitro-2,2’-biimidazole (TNBI) have recently been identified as interesting low sensitivity explosive compounds that combine low vulnerability to mechanical stimuli with high performance. In this work bis-semicarbazidium (1), bis(3- amino-1,2,4-triazolium) (2), bis(5-aminotetrazolium) (3) 4,4’,5,5’-tetranitro-2,2’-biimidazolates were synthesized and some of their experimental and calculated explosive properties are presented. TNBI was synthesized by nitration of 2,2’-biimidazole (BI) with nitric acid in polyphosphoric acid. Salts 1, 2, and 3 can be easily prepared in good yields and purity by reaction of TNBI with semicarbazide hydrochloride in water, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole in methanol, and 5-aminotetrazole in diethyl ether, respectively. The compounds were characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal analysis (DSC, DTA/TG), and small scale safety testing (impact and friction sensitivity). The measured densities and standard enthalpy of formation, as well as calculated performance characteristics are reported. The compounds are thermally stable up to 180-210°C and insensitive to mechanical stimuli. The TNBI salts have slightly better performance than TNT with regard to calculated detonation parameters.

Topliwe kruszące materiały wybuchowe

Streszczenie. w artykule przedstawiono stan aktualny i perspektywy rozwoju kruszących mieszanin wybuchowych, ktore mogą byc formowane w ladunki metodą odlewania. kolejno omowiono typowe sklady, wlaściwości i sposoby otrzymywania mieszanin trotylu z proszkami glinu oraz z heksogenem lub oktogenem. w nowszych, tzw. malowrazliwych kompozycjach, trotyl zostal zastąpiony 2,4-dinitroanizolem, natomiast zamiennikami heksogenu lub oktogenu są 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-on, nitroguanidyna i/lub chloran(Vii) amonu. zmniejszoną wrazliwością charakteryzują sie takze kompozycje, w ktorych skladnik niskotopliwy jest substancją niewybuchową. w tej roli stosuje sie woski naturalne lub roznego rodzaju polimery, np. polibutadien z koncowymi grupami hydroksylowymi, polietery lub polikaprolakton z energetycznymi plastyfikatorami. najbardziej zaawansowanymi odlewalnymi materialami wybuchowymi są kompozycje zawierające energetyczne, termoplastyczne elastomery i wysokoenergetyczne związki wybuchowe (w tym wysokoazotowe) w formach krystalicznych o jak najmniejszym stopniu zdefektowania. Slowa kluczowe: topliwe materialy wybuchowe, parametry detonacyjne DOI: 10.5604/12345865.1131330