S. G. Yunusova

Change on storage of biological activity of Viburnum opulus seed components

Data for changes on storage under natural conditions for 11 months of moisture, oil content, acid and hydroperoxide number, and protein content of ground seed of Viburnum opulus were reported. The amino-acid and fatty-acid compositions were determined.

Lipids, lipophilic components, and biologically active fractions of Viburnum opulus L. seeds.

Methyl and triterpenyl fatty-acid esters and triterpenic acids are isolated and identified from seeds ofViburnum opulus(Caprifoliaceae). The biological activity of pigments and proteins is determined

CONCENTRATES OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS FROM Lappula squarosa SEED OIL

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), gamma-linolenic (GLA), alpha-linolenic (ALA), and stearidonic (SA), exhibit high biological activity [1]. Various attempts have been made to prepare PUFA fractions enriched in one PUFA or another for use in drugs and dietary products. A method based on the different solubilities of sodium salts of FA in EtOH that was used for this enabled PUFA concentrates to be obtained from seed oil of Echium fastuosum, Borago officinalis, and Anchusa azurea (Boraginaceae) [2]. We obtained good results for the isolation of FA fractions enriched in ALA and GLA from linseed oil and seed oil of B. officinalis by using low-temperature crystallization at –80°C from CH3CN:Me2CO (7:3) [3]. The resulting fraction (mother liquor) from linseed oil, which contains 55% ALA, consisted of 88.5% ALA; from total FA of B. officinalis with 23.4% GLA, 88.3% of this FA. Crystallization of FA from hexane solution (10%) at –70°C enabled GLA and SA concentrates to be obtained from E. fastuosum seed oil. This method could be used on an industrial scale [4]. Fractions with high GLA and SA contents could be obtained by chromatographic methods such as HPLC, CC over silica gel and over silica gel impregnated with AgNO3, and centrifugal preparative chromatography (CPC). However, they are suitable only for laboratory studies [5]. Extraction by supercritical CO2 in order to isolate and enrich oils in GLA and SA did not give the desired result [6–8]. Fractionation of urea complexes of FA was used to isolate epoxytetraenoic acid from total FA of fish and microalgae [9]; a mixture of GLA with ALA, from FA of Ribes nigrum seed oil [10] and from FA of seed oil of A. azurea, E. fastuosum, and S. scophila [11]. As a rule, a urea:FA ratio of 4:1 (by mass) is used [9]. Production of FA fractions enriched with PUFA using urea complexes (clathrates) depends primarily on the initial set of PUFA and their content in the oil. The main difficulty in producing FA fractions with a high SA content is the presence in oils of SA and its precursor ALA. Until now, plants with oil that contains only SA have not been found [1]. Studies of seed lipids from several species of the family Boraginaceae indigenous to the Republic of Bashkortostan found that Lappula squarosa seed lipids contained >70% PUFA including >16% SA [12]. Separation of the FA from Lappula seed oil as the urea clathrates afforded fractions enriched with PUFA. For this, mild alkaline hydrolysis (10% KOH solution in MeOH, 70–80°C, 30 min) isolated from the oil the total FA. EtOH was used as the solvent to prepare the urea complexes because it was shown earlier that enrichment of PUFA in it occurred better by using FA from B. officinalis seed oil as an example [13]. FA were separated in two steps [13]. In the first step, a mixture of FA (0.8 g) was treated with a saturated solution of urea in EtOH (FA:urea ratio 1:3 by mass), stirred on a magnetic stirrer with heating (60°C) until totally dissolved, and left at room temperature for 3 h and then at 10°C for 24 h. The resulting clathrate crystals were separated on a Schott filter and washed with cold saturated urea solution in EtOH to produce mother liquor 1 and a precipitate of crystalline FA urea complexes, clathrates 1. The yield of FA fractions (mass% of starting FA) was 36.25 and 57.5, respectively (Table 1). Next, the FA compositions of the mother liquor and clathrates were analyzed. The mother liquor was evaporated to half the volume in a rotary evaporator, diluted with H2O, and extracted with Et2O in order to isolate the FA from it. The Et2O extracts were washed with H2O and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The solvent was evaporated. The resulting FA (0.29 g, mother liquor 1) were methylated by diazomethane and studied by GC (Table 1).

Lipids of introduced plants Helleborus abchasicus and H. caucasicus

Neutral (NL) and polar (PL) lipids including glyco- (GL) and phospholipids (PhL) were isolated and their contents were determined from seeds and rhizomes with roots (RR) of Helleborus abchasicus and H. caucasicus in two development phases that were introduced into Pyatigorsk Botanical Garden. The amount of NL in subterranean organs increased from flowering to fruiting phases. The PL content in roots of H. abchasicus increased during fruiting and was independent of the vegetation stage in H. caucasicus. GL dominated in RR. The GL and PhL ratio in seeds was practically identical. The fatty-acid composition of all lipid groups in the two development phases of the introduced plants was determined. Subterranean organs and seeds of the two Helleborus species contained alkaloids, a part of which was extracted with the PL. The alkaloid content in RR during fruiting was 0.63% in H. abchasicus; 0.49%, in seed pulp; 0.26%, in H. caucasicus; and 0.05% in seed pulp of the starting raw material mass.

Isolation and biological activity of lipids from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) roots

Hexane extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) roots was obtained and investigated. Hydrocarbons, sterol ethers, triacylglycerides, free fatty acids, and free sterols were identified. The extract contains 70% neutral and 30% polar lipids. It is established that the lipid fraction of licorice roots is more effective than the analogous fraction of rosehip oil in stimulating the reparative regeneration of skin. In addition, this fraction also exhibits pronounced antiinflammatory and antiulcer effects, while being virtually nontoxic. Based on these results, the lipid fraction of licorice roots can be recommended as a parent substance for creating effective preparations in various medicinal forms.

LIPIDS OF Oenothera SEEDS FROM DIFFERENT HABITATS. 1.

The composition of lipids and fatty acids from seeds of Oenothera biennis growing in the RF near Kazan’ was determined. The content of γ-linolenic acid in all groups of acyl-containing lipids in the oil to be 4.4%.

Lipids ofViburnum opulus seeds

Lipid components of the seeds ofViburnum opulus (Caprifoliaceae family) were investigated. The neutral lipids consist of eight classes, the glycolipids consist of three classes, and the phospholipids contain seven classes. The fatty-acid contents of all of the acyl-containing lipids were determined. The 18∶2 fatty acid is the main component of all the lipid fractions. The content of saturated acids is greater in the glycolipids and phospholipids. The lipophilic components, higher fatty alcohols and sterols, were identified.

Seed Lipids from Pulmonaria obscura

The compositions of lipids, fatty acids (FAs), and triacylglycerides (TAG) from seeds of Pulmonaria obscura growing in the Republic of Bashkortostan were studied. The contents of neutral (NL) and polar lipids and the composition of FAs of all acyl-containing NL classes were identified and determined. The largest amounts of polyunsaturated FAs were concentrated in total NL (88.9%, including γ-18:3, 24.3; α-18:3, 10.4; and 18:4, 3.5%) and TAG (85.3%, including γ-18:3, 21.4; α-18:3, 10.7; and 18:4, 3.5%). The speciation (39 species > 0.5%) and type (three types) of TAG were established using pancreatic hydrolysis.

Lipids and Lipophilic Constituents of Comfrey (Symphytum Officinale L.) Seeds

The compositions of lipids and lipophilic constituents from seeds of Symphytum officinale L. (Boraginaceae Juss., comfrey) were studied. Neutral and polar lipids were identified and quantified. The fatty-acid composition was determined. It was found that the greatest amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were concentrated in total NL (57.6%, including 16% γ-linolenic acid) and triacylglycerides (56.5%). A fraction with 99% PUFA, including 72% γ-linolenic acid, was obtained as clathrates with urea. Lipophilic constituents, i.e., sterols, were identified.

Composition and Pharmacological Activity of Neutral Lipids from Rhizomes with Roots of the Introduced Plants Helleborus abchasicus and H. caucasicus

The compositions of neutral lipids (NL) and fatty acids (FA) from subterranean parts of the introduced plants Helleborus abchasicus and H. caucasicus (Ranunculaceae) were established and compared with those of the wild species. The FA from diacyl- and triacylglycerides and free FA from these introduced species had elevated contents of unsaturated acids because of 18:2. The lipid-soluble NL constituents included 10 identified sterols, the major ones of which were cholesterol, sitosterol, and lanosterol. NL from H. abchasicus (introduced and wild) and H. caucasicus (wild) exhibited pronounced anti-inflammatory activity at the level of Voltaren and moderate wound-healing activity.