S.I. Bragin

Applications of Passive Microwave Devices for Imaging System Designed for Detecting Objects in Soils

The paper deals with some grounding in theory of a passive radiometric complex designed to detect from a helicopter metal and non-metal objects in the soil at the depth of several metres. Experimental results obtained during tests of a complex prototype are presented as well. The complex can be applied in construction and repair works to detect underground utility systems. The complex is of particular interest for the detection of land mines which armed conflicts are left after their completion.

On-board radiometer calibration and determination of the errors of measurement of radio-brightness temperature of the underlying surface during space monitoring of the earth

In this article the authors give the analysis factors that cause errors of radio-brightness temperature measurement during the space monitoring of the Earth by on-board radiometers, methods of ground and on-board calibrations, and the example of evaluation of the radio-brightness temperature measurement by the on-board radiometric complex.

Space-Based Remote Sensing Complexes

Special Research Bureau of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (SRB MPEI) is one of the leading developers of the systems for the Earth surface and atmosphere remote sensing in Russia (and in the former USSR). This paper describes basic characteristics, structure and operation principles of several onboard radiometric multichannel complexes developed recently in SRB MPEI, operating in ranges from 2GHz to 100GHz and designed for the Earth surface and atmosphere exploration. In April 1996 the scientific module Priroda was successfully docked with the orbital station Mir; according to the Russian national scientific-research program the radiometric complex Ikar-Delta, developed in SRB MIPEI, was placed on its board. The radiometric complex Ikar Delta consists of the multichannel scanning radiometer Delta 2P and several nadir-oriented radiometers Ikar N. The photo of the Priroda module docked to the Mir station is shown in Fig. 1. The diagrammatic representation of the Priroda module and placement of the The scanning radiometer (herein referred to as scanner) Delta 2P includes 5 channels for 3 frequency ranges. The basic characteristics of the Delta 2P scanner are shown in Table 1. Table 1

Results of Development of Radiometric Receivers mm and Submillimeter Range

Results of development of space-based radiometric receivers in a frequency range 10 GHz ... 206 GHz is considered. Are resulted technical characteristics the developed radiometric systems intended for remote sensing of a surface of the Earth (including ocean) and atmosphere. Results of flight measurements also are submitted.

Passive microwave complex of remote sensing for the detection of objects in the soil

The paper deals with some grounding in theory of a passive radiometric complex designed to detect from a helicopter metal and non-metal objects in the soil at a depth of several metres. Experimental results obtained during tests of a complex prototype are presented as well. The complex can be applied in construction and repair works to detect underground utility systems. The complex is of particular interest for the detection of land mines which armed conflicts leave after their completion.

Space-based millimeter- and submillimeter-wave radiometric for impact monitoring

The authors consider the design of a space system for detecting gas pollution of the atmosphere. The authors propose to use this system for checking observation of international agreements. The authors give the example of the equipment for checking the concentration of CO, CO/sub 2/, NO, SO/sub 2/, describe the construction and the block diagram of the multi-channel scanning radiometer and give the calculation of the error of measurement of harmful gas concentration in the atmosphere.

Radiometric system for space monitoring of atmosphere pollution

Nowadays the world community is paying great attention to the problem of atmosphere pollution. UN took several conventions including Kyoto protocol which restricts industrial waste outflow to atmosphere and water. As a result special importance is paid to the implementation of obligations taken by particular countries. The remote sensing system is the only means for solving this problem. In the present article passive radio specter method based on measuring the radiation levels of various substances at own resonance frequencies such as CH4, CO, CO2, SO2, HCl, NOx, ClO2, as well as solid particles.

Radiometric Method and Equipment for Measuring the Molten Metal Temperature and Lining Thickness of Melting Facility

This article describes the radiometric technique and the equipment for repeated continuous measurements of molten metal temperature in the metallurgical industry. These radiometric methods to measure molten metal temperature are based on microwave noise radiation measurements. This method is the alternative to the thermocouple method: by these method the repeated measurements can be taken and each measurement can be continued for the necessary period of time while by the thermocouple method only a few measurements can be taken in the high temperature aggressive environment. Results of new experiments are presented.

Radiometric Complex for Determination Man Temperature Profile

The article shows the way to decrease temperature measurement error by reduction of influence of reflection coefficient from skin. The scheme of a radiometric receiver with feedback in high frequency section is represented. This kind of scheme compensates signal decrease due to antenna mismatch. The article provides a description of the radiometric complex structure.

Experience of Creation of Multichannel Scanning Radiometers

The article considers the principles of construction of radiometric receivers in cm, mm and submillimeter wave bands. The basic characteristics, construction and results of measurement of main parameters of scanning mirror antenna and microwave channels including filters, modulators, multifrequency horn feed antennas that combines submillimeter range with millimeter and centimetric ranges are offered. The results of development of a radiometer with digital processing, results of optimization of sensitivity of this radiometer are given. The results of development of a radiometer with a pilot signal and its experimental performances are circumscribed. The comparative estimation of sensitivity for the different schemes and constructions of radiometers is given.