S. K. Parida

Voltage security constrained localized reactive power market

In this paper, design and operation of a single side auction based localized reactive power market has been proposed. Voltage control areas (VCAs) have been formed, first, by using the concept of electrical distance for system intact case. The VCAs so obtained have been modified looking at voltage variations under severe contingencies. In each VCA/zone, reactive power zonal purchasing price (RPZPP) and reactive power zonal selling price (RPZSP) have been determined at which the system operator (SO) procures reactive power from generators and sells reactive power to reactive power consumers respectively. An optimal power flow formulation has been used for settlement of the reactive power ancillary market in a competitive scenario that has been solved by mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP). The proposed method, for design and operation of the localized reactive power market, has been demonstrated on IEEE 24-bus reliability test system

A review on reactive power management in electricity markets

Purpose – The main purpose behind this work is to explore the methods already proposed in various literatures to overcome the issues associated with VAr management in a competitive environment. Managing reactive power support service in competitive electricity market environment has become an important constituent of ancillary services. The characteristics of VAr generation/absorption do not allow its transmission over a long distance. The issues associated with the localized nature of reactive power must be considered during the valuation, planning, pricing and allocation of VAr producing/absorbing resources. In this review work, the key issues associated with the reactive support and the techniques used to tackle these issues in various utilities across the globe are been discussed in brief. In the literature, numerous renowned authors propose various methods to manage reactive power with various types of structural and operational scenarios. These methods are also discussed briefly in this paper. The e...

Pros and Cons of Existing Frequency Regulation Mechanism in Indian Power Industry

It is necessary for the system operators and regulators to manage ancillary services efficiently to maintain reliability of the system. Frequency regulation is one of the ancillary services to be supplied by the electricity market participants. The only way to regulate frequency is to maintain the balance between demand and supply in real time. In India, it is achieved through a regulatory approach. In this paper, an investigation is made on prevailing mechanism to demonstrate the pros and cons. The analysis has been carried with the data available from Northern Regional Load Dispatch Center.

A Hybrid Approach Toward Security-constrained Reactive Power Planning in Electricity Markets

Abstract In this article, a hybrid approach for reactive power planning has been proposed that makes use of both numerical and analytical methods. Optimal power flow formulations with four different objectives have been solved for a system-intact and for a few severe contingency cases with the help of mixed-integer non-linear programming. For each objective, ranking of optimal bus locations for reactive power sources have been obtained. The results, so obtained, have been used to arrive at an overall performance sensitivity factor for locating reactive power sources employing an analytic hierarchical process algorithm. The proposed method for reactive power planning has been demonstrated on a IEEE 24-bus reliability test system.

Need of distributed generation for sustainable development in coming future

Today, distributed generation (DG) based on conventional energy sources and renewable energy sources have played a vital role throughout the world. Energy policies are promoting distributed energy resources such as energy efficiency, DG, energy storage devices, and renewable energy resources (RES), increasing the number of DG installations and especially variable output sources like wind power, solar, small hydro and combined heat and power. It can be observed that the growth rates of countries are rapidly increased. Due to environmental concern, it is very tricky to add more coal power plants for managing demand side management (DSM). To overcome from this problem, DGs are the best options for managing the need of energy. In this paper, the robustness, sustainability and reliability of DG has been discussed with various aspects and different extensive conditions. The main objective of this task is to study how to achieve a better integration of flexible demand as demand response, DSM with DGs, energy storages and Smart Grids. This would lead to an increase of the value of demand response, DSM and DG based on renewable energy sources in the substantial electricity systems and at the electricity market.

Performance improvement of a wind power distribution station using a dynamic voltage restorer

This paper discusses the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) supported wind power generator connected to the grid to improve the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of the grid. The wind power generators are connected to the grid through a feeder to the distribution system and the DVR is connected to the point of common coupling (PCC), where loads are connected. The main aim of the DVR is to regulate the voltage at the load terminal irrespective of sag/swell, distortion, or unbalance in the grid voltage. The proposed DVR structure is operated in such a fashion that it does not supply or absorb any active power during the steady-state operation. Dead beat control algorithm is used for the control of DVR. The DVR supported wind power system operation is verified through extensive simulation study and a prototype experimental setup is built for experimental verification.

Optimal placement of DGs using MINLP in deregulated electricity market

Distributed generators (DGs) are small generating units connected directly to the distribution networks. As distribution networks are interconnected with the transmission networks, the impact of these DGs to enhance the reliability of the whole system can be observed. System loadability, total power loss in the system and total cost of the system are some of the important aspects in planning the DGs throughout the network. In this work, optimal sites for placement of DGs have been identified by using mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) approach. The optimal sites are the different distribution networks connected to the transmission system under consideration. Also, the sizing of the DGs is taken into consideration, while enhancing the reliability in terms of system loadability, total power loss in the system and total cost of the system. The approach includes three optimal power flow (OPF) problem formulations, in which the objectives are to maximize the system loadability, and minimize the total power loss in the system and total cost of the system subjected to the constraints of power balance equations, power flow limits in each transmission line, voltage limits at every bus. In these problem formulations one binary vector is introduced that indicates the site of the DG location at various load serving nodes. The results are illustrated on Standard 5-bus test system and IEEE 24-bus Reliability Test System (RTS).

Temperature dependency of partial shading effect and corresponding electrical characterization of PV panel

Partial shading of PV array occurs when it gets covered by some passing clouds, buildings or nearby modules. Analysis of electrical behavior of PV array in case of partial shading done so far considers only the fall of different solar irradiance on different modules with working temperature of all PV panels same as ambient temperature. This paper presents the mathematical formulation of cell working temperature which is different from ambient temperature. Partial shading effect under different cell working temperatures and solar irradiances is analyzed and presented through MATLAB based simulation.

An approach to promote frequency regulation service in India

Purpose – In India, the frequency regulation (FR) service has been provided by the generators, operating under free governor mode of operation (FGMO), with certain regulatory basis prescribed by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission in Indian Electricity Grid Code. Many short comings lie with the existing FR mechanism. This paper proposes a capacity linked mechanism to promote the FR service.Design/methodology/approach – No compensation is being provided for the capacity reserved for the FR service, nor are the providers encouraged enough to render its full capacity under FGMO. Therefore, a novel remuneration mechanism, considering the capacity reserved for FR service, has been developed to eradicate these cons.Findings – The effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated on the Northern Regional Electricity Board data of India.Practical implications – The implementation of the proposed mechanism can lead to boost up of participation in the FGMO, which helps to maintain the frequency withi...

Design optimization of linear induction motor

This paper presents the design optimization of linear induction motor. Application of linear induction motor includes various industrial processes like conveyor belt, vertical movement, steel power plant, induction heating and automated material handling. All these applications require an efficient and high torque providing linear induction motor. Objective function of the optimization problem discussed in this paper includes efficiency, output thrust and machine weight. Various machine design parameters have been used as constraint variables. Optimization done with Quasi-Newton process shows significant improvement in machine efficiency and output torque compared to the results reported in literature. Machine design and optimization is carried out using RMxprt software.