S. Palani

Evaluation of nephroprotective, diuretic, and antioxidant activities of plectranthus amboinicus on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxic rats

Plectranthus amboinicus (PA), commonly known as country borage, is a folkoric medicinal plant. Juice from its leaves is commonly used for illnesses including liver and renal conditions in the Asian sub-continent. Acetaminophen (APAP), used as an analgesic, produces liver and kidney necrosis in mammals at high doses. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective, diuretic, and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of PA at two doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg bw on APAP-induced toxicity in rats. This study shows that APAP significantly increases the levels of serum urea (UR), hemoglobin (Hb), total leukocyte count, creatinine, raised body weight, and reduced levels of neutrophils, granulocytes, uric acid, and platelet concentration. Ethanol extract of PA rescued these phenotypes by increasing anti-oxidative responses as assessed by biochemistry and histopathology. In addition, the ethanol extract of PA at two doses showed a significant diuretic activity by increased levels of total urine output and urinary elerolytes such as sodium and potassium. In conclusion, these data suggest that the ethanol extract of PA possess nephroprotective and antioxidant effects against APAP-induced nephrotoxicity and strong diuretics effect in rats.

Evaluation of nephroprotective and antioxidant activity of Mahonia leschenaultia takeda on acetaminophen-induced toxicity in rat

Mahonia leschenaultia takeda (Berberidaceae) (MLT) is a traditional medicinal plant that is commonly used to treat and improve liver and renal conditions in India and other Asian countries. Acetaminophen (APAP) is commonly used as an analgesic and an antipyretic agent that, in high doses, produces liver and kidney necrosis in mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of MLT at two dose levels of 250 and 500 mg kg−1 bw on APAP-induced toxicity in rats. APAP significantly increased levels of serum urea, hemoglobin (Hb), total leukocyte count, creatinine, packed cell volume, DLC, and mean corpuscular volume, raised body weight, and reduced levels of neutrophils, mean corpuscular Hb content, mean corpuscular hematocrit, granulocytes, uric acid, and platelet concentration. MLT inhibited the hematological effects of APAP. MLT significantly increased activities of renal superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase and decreased malondialdehyde content of APAP-treated rats. Apart from these, histopathological changes also showed the protective nature of the MLT extract against APAP-induced necrotic damage of renal tissues. In conclusion, data suggest that the ethanol extract of MLT prevented renal damage from APAP-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and it is likely mediated through antioxidant activities.

Nephroprotective and antioxidant activities of Salacia oblonga on acetaminophen-induced toxicity in rats

Salacia oblonga, a woody climbing plant belonging to the family Celastaceae, is widely distributed in India and other southeast Asian countries. The genus Salacia have been used particularly for the treatment of diabetes, obesity, gonorrhoea, rheumatism, pruritus and asthma. Acetaminophen (APAP), used as an analgesic drug, produces liver and kidney necrosis in mammals at high doses. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of Salacia oblonga (EESO) at the two dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg bw on APAP-induced toxicity in rats. The results showed that APAP significantly increases the levels of serum urea, creatinine, and reduces levels of uric acid concentration. The EESO reduces these by increasing anti-oxidative responses as assessed by biochemical and histopathological parameters. In conclusion, our results suggest that the EESO possesses nephroprotective and antioxidant effects against APAP-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Phytoconstituents evaluation and antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Mahonia leschenaultia Takeda in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Hyperlipidemia is an associated complication of diabetes mellitus. Many spices and herbs are known to be hypoglycemic. Mahonia leschenaultia Takeda (Berberidaceae) (MLT) is a traditional medicinal plant that is commonly used against diseases in India and other Asian countries. The aim of this study is to identify the phytoconstituents by gas chromatography–mass spectrography (GC–MS) and evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the ethanol extract of MLT on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Phytoconstituents like oleicacid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-n-hexadecanoic acid were identified as high % peak when compared with other compounds by GC–MS. STZ-induced diabetic animals were fed with plant extracts at different doses (250 or 500 mg kg−1 body wt) of ethanol extract of MLT. The results of the study revealed a significant increase in total hemoglobin and glycosylated hemoglobin along with the reduction in hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia effects in MLT-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared to diabetic only rats. Further, ethanol extracts of MLT-treated animals at 500 mg kg−1 showed that shrinkage of β cells of islets of Langerhans was restored as evidenced by histological studies of pancreas of diabetic animals. Thus the ethanol extract of MLT might serve as a reliable adjuvant for antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of STZ, and may be promising for development of phytomedicines for diabetes mellitus.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Monochoria vaginalis against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

SUMMARY The present study was aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities ofethanol extract from Monochoria vaginalis (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg B/W) on acetaminophen (APAP)induced rat hepatic injury. Monochoria vaginalis is a traditional medicinal plant that is commonlyused to treat and improve liver conditions in India and other Asian countries. The developmentof hepatotoxicity induced by APAP is promoted by oxidative stress. APAP treated groupsignificantly (P < 0.01) elevated the serum enzymatic levels like glutamate oxaloacetatetransaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase (SALP), total bilirubin andmalondialdehyde (MDA), which were restored towards normalization significantly (P < 0.01)thanol extract of yonochoria vagin is (EEMV). In addition, the EEMV significantly (P < 0.01)elevated the decreased level of total protein and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxidedismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase and reduced glutathione.Apart from these, histopathological changes also showed the protective nature of the EEMVagainst APAP induced hepatic damage in liver tissues. The activity of EEMV at 500 mg/kg B/Wwas comparable to the standard drug silymarin (25 mg/kg B/W). In conclusion, these datasuggest that the EEMV possess hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects against APAP-inducedhepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats.Key words: Hepatoprotective; Monochoria vaginalis; Acetaminophen; Silymarin; Antioxidant