S. Raja

Evaluation of nephroprotective, diuretic, and antioxidant activities of plectranthus amboinicus on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxic rats

Plectranthus amboinicus (PA), commonly known as country borage, is a folkoric medicinal plant. Juice from its leaves is commonly used for illnesses including liver and renal conditions in the Asian sub-continent. Acetaminophen (APAP), used as an analgesic, produces liver and kidney necrosis in mammals at high doses. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective, diuretic, and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of PA at two doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg bw on APAP-induced toxicity in rats. This study shows that APAP significantly increases the levels of serum urea (UR), hemoglobin (Hb), total leukocyte count, creatinine, raised body weight, and reduced levels of neutrophils, granulocytes, uric acid, and platelet concentration. Ethanol extract of PA rescued these phenotypes by increasing anti-oxidative responses as assessed by biochemistry and histopathology. In addition, the ethanol extract of PA at two doses showed a significant diuretic activity by increased levels of total urine output and urinary elerolytes such as sodium and potassium. In conclusion, these data suggest that the ethanol extract of PA possess nephroprotective and antioxidant effects against APAP-induced nephrotoxicity and strong diuretics effect in rats.

Prevalence rate of supernumerary teeth among non-syndromic South Indian population: An analysis.

Aim: Supernumerary teeth are considered as one of the most significant dental anomalies during the primary and early mixed dentition stage. The main objective of the study was to determine the prevalence rate of supernumerary teeth in the patients who reported to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology and to study the associated clinical complications. Materials and Methods: A longitudinal observational study was conducted of 2216 patients for a period of 4 months with the documentation of demographic data, the presence of supernumerary teeth, their location, and associated complications such as mechanical trauma, dental caries, and associated pathology. Results: The study recorded 27 supernumerary teeth from the examined 2216 patients. This yields a prevalence of 1.2%, with greater frequency in males which was 1.49% and in females the frequency was 0.85%. The greatest proportion of supernumerary teeth was found in the maxillary anterior region (77.8%). Out of this, 85.7% were classified as mesiodens based on their location. The displacement of adjacent teeth was the most common finding, followed by dental caries. Conclusion: The prevalence of supernumerary teeth in this study was 1.2% which is in agreement with that reported in similar studies and the maxillary mesiodens was the most common location. Displacement of adjacent teeth was the most common finding.

Evaluation of nephroprotective and antioxidant activity of Mahonia leschenaultia takeda on acetaminophen-induced toxicity in rat

Mahonia leschenaultia takeda (Berberidaceae) (MLT) is a traditional medicinal plant that is commonly used to treat and improve liver and renal conditions in India and other Asian countries. Acetaminophen (APAP) is commonly used as an analgesic and an antipyretic agent that, in high doses, produces liver and kidney necrosis in mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of MLT at two dose levels of 250 and 500 mg kg−1 bw on APAP-induced toxicity in rats. APAP significantly increased levels of serum urea, hemoglobin (Hb), total leukocyte count, creatinine, packed cell volume, DLC, and mean corpuscular volume, raised body weight, and reduced levels of neutrophils, mean corpuscular Hb content, mean corpuscular hematocrit, granulocytes, uric acid, and platelet concentration. MLT inhibited the hematological effects of APAP. MLT significantly increased activities of renal superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase and decreased malondialdehyde content of APAP-treated rats. Apart from these, histopathological changes also showed the protective nature of the MLT extract against APAP-induced necrotic damage of renal tissues. In conclusion, data suggest that the ethanol extract of MLT prevented renal damage from APAP-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and it is likely mediated through antioxidant activities.

Nephroprotective and antioxidant activities of Salacia oblonga on acetaminophen-induced toxicity in rats

Salacia oblonga, a woody climbing plant belonging to the family Celastaceae, is widely distributed in India and other southeast Asian countries. The genus Salacia have been used particularly for the treatment of diabetes, obesity, gonorrhoea, rheumatism, pruritus and asthma. Acetaminophen (APAP), used as an analgesic drug, produces liver and kidney necrosis in mammals at high doses. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of Salacia oblonga (EESO) at the two dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg bw on APAP-induced toxicity in rats. The results showed that APAP significantly increases the levels of serum urea, creatinine, and reduces levels of uric acid concentration. The EESO reduces these by increasing anti-oxidative responses as assessed by biochemical and histopathological parameters. In conclusion, our results suggest that the EESO possesses nephroprotective and antioxidant effects against APAP-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant activities of some indole-2,3-dione derivatives and analogs

In the present study, a series of novel Schiff bases of isatin were synthesized by condensation of imesatin with different aromatic aldehydes. The imesatins were synthesized by reaction of isatin with p-phenylenediamine. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by means of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. These compounds were screened for antioxidant activity by DPPH, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity. In all the methods, the compound 3-(4-(3,4,5-trimethoxy benzylideneamino)phenylimino) indoline-2-one (5d) showed highest antioxidant activity because of the presence of electron donating groups and the compound 3-(4-(4-nitrobenzylideneamino)phenylimino) indoline-2-one (5f) showed the least activity because of the presence of an electron withdrawing group.

Phytoconstituents evaluation and antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Mahonia leschenaultia Takeda in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Hyperlipidemia is an associated complication of diabetes mellitus. Many spices and herbs are known to be hypoglycemic. Mahonia leschenaultia Takeda (Berberidaceae) (MLT) is a traditional medicinal plant that is commonly used against diseases in India and other Asian countries. The aim of this study is to identify the phytoconstituents by gas chromatography–mass spectrography (GC–MS) and evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the ethanol extract of MLT on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Phytoconstituents like oleicacid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-n-hexadecanoic acid were identified as high % peak when compared with other compounds by GC–MS. STZ-induced diabetic animals were fed with plant extracts at different doses (250 or 500 mg kg−1 body wt) of ethanol extract of MLT. The results of the study revealed a significant increase in total hemoglobin and glycosylated hemoglobin along with the reduction in hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia effects in MLT-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared to diabetic only rats. Further, ethanol extracts of MLT-treated animals at 500 mg kg−1 showed that shrinkage of β cells of islets of Langerhans was restored as evidenced by histological studies of pancreas of diabetic animals. Thus the ethanol extract of MLT might serve as a reliable adjuvant for antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of STZ, and may be promising for development of phytomedicines for diabetes mellitus.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Monochoria vaginalis against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

SUMMARY The present study was aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities ofethanol extract from Monochoria vaginalis (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg B/W) on acetaminophen (APAP)induced rat hepatic injury. Monochoria vaginalis is a traditional medicinal plant that is commonlyused to treat and improve liver conditions in India and other Asian countries. The developmentof hepatotoxicity induced by APAP is promoted by oxidative stress. APAP treated groupsignificantly (P < 0.01) elevated the serum enzymatic levels like glutamate oxaloacetatetransaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase (SALP), total bilirubin andmalondialdehyde (MDA), which were restored towards normalization significantly (P < 0.01)thanol extract of yonochoria vagin is (EEMV). In addition, the EEMV significantly (P < 0.01)elevated the decreased level of total protein and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxidedismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase and reduced glutathione.Apart from these, histopathological changes also showed the protective nature of the EEMVagainst APAP induced hepatic damage in liver tissues. The activity of EEMV at 500 mg/kg B/Wwas comparable to the standard drug silymarin (25 mg/kg B/W). In conclusion, these datasuggest that the EEMV possess hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects against APAP-inducedhepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats.Key words: Hepatoprotective; Monochoria vaginalis; Acetaminophen; Silymarin; Antioxidant

Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 6,7,8,9-tetra hydro-5H-5-(2′-hydroxy phenyl)-2-(4′-substituted benzylidine)-3-(4-nitrophenyl amino) thiazolo quinazoline derivatives

In this study, a series of thiazolo quinazoline derivatives were designed and synthesized to meet the structural requirements essential for anticonvulsant activity. Anticonvulsant activity was determined after intraperitoneal administration to mice by maximal electroshock- and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure tests and minimal motor impairment was determined by rotorod test. A majority of the compounds exhibited significant anticonvulsant activity after intraperitoneal administration. The most active compounds carry fluoro, bromo, or chloro substituents in the 4-position of the phenyl ring. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Among the synthesized compounds, 6,7,8,9-tetra hydro-5H-5-(2′-hydroxy phenyl)-2-(4′-fluoro benzylidine)-3-(4-nitrophenyl amino) thiazolo quinazoline (5d) was found to be the most potent anticonvulsant activity.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Bridelia retusa against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity

The aim of present study was to validate hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the bark of Bridelia retusa. The aqueous ethanol extract of B. retusa exhibited highest in vitro hepatoprotective effects as evident from the significantly reduced serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) into the incubation medium of rat hepatocytes with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), over the other organic extracts (chloroform, ethylacetate, and methanol). CCl4 administered through subcutaneous injection produced a marked elevation in the serum levels of GOT, GPT, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and decreased in the levels of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and total protein content. The biochemical activities were normalized in the pretreatment of rats induced by CCl4 with different doses (250 and 500 mg kg−1) of the aqueous ethanol extract of B. retusa. Histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were also significantly attenuated by aqueous ethanol extract of B. retusa treatment. The activity of the aqueous ethanol extract of B. retusa at the dose of 500 mg kg−1 was comparable to the standard drug, silymarin (25 mg kg−1). The overall data indicated that B. retusa possesses a potent protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatic damage and oxidative stress.