Sadaf Hashmi

Malignant tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx: clinical, pathologic, and radiologic evaluation

Carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx constitute approximately 2% to 5% of head and neck cancers. Alcohol abuse and tobacco chewing, including chewing Shamma, predispose individuals to the development of cancer in the oral cavity. CT and MR imaging are best suited in the evaluation of cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. CT in the axial and coronal planes with 3- to 5-mm sections is the primary modality and is best in the evaluation of bony erosion of the mandible and maxilla. Furthermore, lymph node metastases in the neck are optimally evaluated by contrast CT with 5-mm axial sections. MR imaging is preferred for soft tissue assessment because of the greater contrast resolution. It is therefore the first modality in the assessment of tongue carcinomas, oropharyngeal cancer, and tonsillar lesions. The MR examination should be performed with thin-section imaging, applying T1, T2, and T1-GD-DTPA in the axial and coronal planes, with sagittal sections added for paramidline lesions involving the tongue, lips, anterior floor of the mouth, subdivided according to anatomic locations. The local spread, lymph node metastases, prognosis, and therapeutic approaches vary with the location of the lesion represented by a carcinoma either squamous or undifferentiated in 90% of cases. Some malignant lesions may mimic a benign tumor, such as the adenoid cystic or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Histopathologic diagnosis is therefore necessary for the final diagnosis before treatment by surgery or radiotherapy. PET scanning is indicated in the following instances: in search of an unknown primary tumor in patients who have a neck mass secondary to carcinoma, if a recurrent carcinoma may be present, when there are metastatic N0 lymph nodes in the neck, or where CT is inconclusive for metastatic lymph nodes in the neck.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Leguminosae): An Evidence-Based Systematic Review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration

An evidence-based systematic review including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology and dosing. doi:10.1300/J157v07n03_06 [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1–800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: <docdelivery@haworthpress.com> Website: <http://www.HaworthPress.com>]

Boswellia: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration

An evidence-based systematic review including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.

Evidence-based systematic review of saw palmetto by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration.

Here presented is an evidence-based systematic review including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.

An evidence-based systematic review of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration.

An evidence-based systematic review including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.

An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Vitamin A by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration

ABSTRACT An evidence-based systematic review of vitamin A by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated and reproducible grading rationale. This paper includes written and statistical analysis of clinical trials, plus a compilation of expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.

Natural standard professional monograph

-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-phenol, Caryophylli atheroleum, Caryophylli Flos, caryophyllum, caryophyllus, Caryophyllus aromaticus, cengke, cengkeh, chiodo di garofano (Italian), choji, chor boghbojh, chor poghpch, cinnamon nails, clau, clavos, clou de girofle, Clous de Girolfe (French), clovas de comer, clove bud, clove bud oil, clove cigarettes, clove essential oil, clove leaf, craveiro da india, cravinho, cravo, cravo de olor, cuisoare, ding heung, ding xiang, dinh huong, dok chan, dried clove, Eugenia aromatica, Eugenia bud, Eugenia caryophyllata, Eugenia caryophyllus, faranfil, Flores Caryophylli, gahn plu, garifalo, garifallo, garifano, garn ploo, Gewurznelken Nagelein (German), gozdzik, gozdzikow korzenny, graambu, ground clove, gvazdikelia, gvozdika, harilik nelgipuu, hrebicek, iltze kanela, jeonghyang, jeonghyong namu, jonghyang, kabsh qarunfil, kala, kalmpir, kan phou, kan phu, karafuu, karamfil, kariofilla, kariofilo, khan pluu, khlam puu, klabong pako, klincic, klinceky, klincki, krambu, kreteks, krinfud, kruidnagel, krustnaglinas, kryddnejlikor, kryddernellike, kullobu, kurobu, kvapnusis gvazdikmedis, labanga, labango, laung, lavang, lavanga, lavangalu, lavnagamu, lay hnyin, leoung, ley nyim bwint, mikhak, mikhaki, mixaki, moschokarfi, Myrtaceae (family), nageljnove zbice, nagri, negull, neilikka, nejlikor, nelk, nelke, nellik, nellike, oil of clove, oleum caryophylli, pentogen (clove oil), qalampir, shriisanjnan, Syzigium aromaricum (L) Merr. and Perry., szegfu, szegfuszeg, tropical myrtle, tsiporen.

An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Blessed Thistle (Cnicus benedictus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration

An evidence-base d systematic review including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, ad- verse effects, toxicology, and dosing.