Sally K. Fairfax

American forestry professionalism in the third world: Some preliminary observations

Forestry, with its fulsomely developed and articulated worldview, provides an excellent case study of cultural and professional biases in projects intended to aid developing countries. Much of the forestry professionals received wisdom is defined by the ideology of the progressive era conservation movement: a preeminent emphasis on technical expertise as the basis for decision making; a related tendency to prefer comprehensive government planning and to denigrate the expertise and priorities of local resource users, who are seen as political advocates serving their own interests; a preference for managing trees, for lumber and as distinct from other forest and tree uses. This mindset leaves the forester in a poor position to understand the uses which forest users in other cultures see as important, to utilize the expertise of locals in the design and implementation of proposed aid programs, and to enquire meaningfully into alternative systems of land and tree tenure which will determine the success of those programs. Foresters are not the only professionals with trained incapacities; however, greater sensitivity to the settings in which aid projects will succeed or fail would be especially useful for western-trained foresters working in nonwestern forests, and for local foresters trained in western concepts and priorities.

The Federal Forests Are Not What They Seem: Formal and Informal Claims to Federal Lands

Introdu ction .......................................................................... 630 I. Introductory Comments About Levels of Government .... 631 II. The Norm al M odel ........................................................ 633 III. Diverse Ownership Claims on Federal Lands ................ 634 A. Intermixed Ownership ............................................ 634 B. Leases and Private Development and Access R igh ts ..................................................................... 63 5 C. Inform al Claim s ...................................................... 636 D. Spill Overs and Ecological Interconnections ............ 639 IV. Administrative Jurisdiction Elements of the Normal M od el ........................................................................... 64 1 V. Decisionmaking Elements of the Normal Model ............. 644 C on clu sion ............................................................................ 646

Imagining Resource Management Institutions - New Creeks and Old Paddles: Comments from the Opening Session of the 8th International Symposium on Society and Resource Management

This essay uses vignettes of six resource management organizations to explore institutional change in land conservation organizations. The emergence of the Progressive Era model of rational, centralized government is portrayed here both as reflective of the imperialisturgings of the early 1900s, and as less hegemonic than typically presented. Federal organizations such as the National Park Service and the Bureau of Land Management are clearly responsive to durable emphases on local control. More recently evolved, avowedly private, local organizations are, moreover, less clearly local and private than they first appear. The presently evolving institutional frame seems more complex than the one now eroding, and will require no less vigilance. And, even as we fail to note adequately the imperialism inherent in the Progressive-Era institutions we have taken for granted for so long, we ought to consider the underwriting assumptions and implications for equity in emerging institutional arrangements.

The Essential Legacy of a Sustaining Civilization: Professor Sax on the National Parks

Introduction .................................................... 385 I. Legitimate Government Goals: the Roles of the Parks in a D em ocracy ......................................... 388 A. Olmsteads Theory of Leisure .................. 388 B. Preservation Advocacy: An Olmsteadean Clarification ........................................ 389 C. Balancing Public and Private Rights: Regulation and Acquisition in National Park Policy ................. 391 D. Concessions: A Perennial Problem ......... 394 11. Beyond Recreation: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Resource Management ..................... 395 III. Mere Stones and Mere Property: Historic Preservation and Cultural Resources ................................. 400 IV. Seeing the Whole: Back to the Parks in an Era of Ecosystem Management ................................ 403 V . Conclusion .............................................. 408